CLIMATE CHANGE, PART I: THE HISTORY OF A CONSENSUS AND THE CAUSES OF INACTION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND REFORM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION APRIL 9, 2019 Serial No. 116–15 Printed for the use of the Committee on Oversight and Reform ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov http://www.house.oversight.gov http://www.docs.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–637 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND REFORM ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland, Chairman CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York JIM JORDAN, Ohio, Ranking Minority Member ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of JUSTIN AMASH, Michigan Columbia PAUL A. GOSAR, Arizona WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri VIRGINIA FOXX, North Carolina STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts THOMAS MASSIE, Kentucky JIM COOPER, Tennessee MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia JODY B. HICE, Georgia RAJA KRISHNAMOORTHI, Illinois GLENN GROTHMAN, Wisconsin JAMIE RASKIN, Maryland JAMES COMER, Kentucky HARLEY ROUDA, California MICHAEL CLOUD, Texas KATIE HILL, California BOB GIBBS, Ohio DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida RALPH NORMAN, South Carolina JOHN P. SARBANES, Maryland CLAY HIGGINS, Louisiana PETER WELCH, Vermont CHIP ROY, Texas JACKIE SPEIER, California CAROL D. MILLER, West Virginia ROBIN L. KELLY, Illinois MARK E. GREEN, Tennessee MARK DESAULNIER, California KELLY ARMSTRONG, North Dakota BRENDA L. LAWRENCE, Michigan W. GREGORY STEUBE, Florida STACEY E. PLASKETT, Virgin Islands RO KHANNA, California JIMMY GOMEZ, California ALEXANDRIA OCASIO-CORTEZ, New York AYANNA PRESSLEY, Massachusetts RASHIDA TLAIB, Michigan DAVID RAPALLO, Staff Director BRITTENY JENKINS, Subcommittee on Environment Staff Director LAURA RUSH, Deputy Chief Clerk CHRISTOPHER HIXON, Minority Staff Director CONTACT NUMBER: 202-225-5051 SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT HARLEY ROUDA, California, Chairman RASHIDA TLAIB, Michigan JAMES COMER, Kentucky, Ranking Minority RAJA KRISHNAMOORTHI, Illinois Member JACKIE SPEIER, California PAUL GOSAR, Arizona JIMMY GOMEZ, California BOB GIBBS, Ohio ALEXANDRIA OCASIO-CORTEZ, New York CLAY HIGGINS, Louisiana KELLY ARMSTRONG, North Dakota (II) CONTENTS Page Hearing held on April 9, 2019 ................................................................................ 1 WITNESSES Jeffrey Sachs, Ph.D., University Professor and Director, Center for Sustain- able Development, School of lnternational and Public Affairs,Columbia Uni- versity Oral statement .................................................................................................. 2 The Honorable Tim Wirth, Former Senator from Colorado, Vice Chairman and President Emeritus of the United Nations Foundation Oral statement .................................................................................................. 4 Michael Oppenheimer, Ph.D., Albert G. Milbank Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs, Princeton University Oral statement .................................................................................................. 6 Nicolas Loris, Deputy Director, the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, The Heritage Foundation Oral statement .................................................................................................. 9 The written statements for witnesses are available on the U.S. House of Rep- resentatives Document Repository at: https://docs.house.gov. INDEX OF DOCUMENTS The following items are posted on the U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository at: https://docs.house.gov. * AIAM Technical Committee Memo from 1996; submitted by Ms. Ocasio- Cortez * Email/Global Climate Science Communications Action Plan; submitted by Ms. Ocasio-Cortez * Confidential Article, ″The Greenhouse Effect;″ submitted by Ms. Ocasio- Cortez * 1981 Inter-Office Correspondence re: CO2 Position Statement; submitted by Ms. Ocasio-Cortez * 2009 Ad from the New York Times; submitted by Mr. Gomez * Questions for the Record addressed to witness Jeffrey Sachs (III) CLIMATE CHANGE, PART I: THE HISTORY OF A CONSENSUS AND THE CAUSES OF INACTION Wednesday, April 9, 2019 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND REFORM, Washington, D.C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:27 p.m., in room 2154, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Harley Rouda (chair- man of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Representatives Rouda, Hill, Tlaib, Gomez, Ocasio-Cor- tez, Comer, Gibbs, Higgins, Armstrong, and Jordan. Mr. ROUDA. The subcommittee will come to order. Without objec- tion, the chair is authorized to declare a recess of the committee at any time. This committee is convening the first in a series of hearings on climate change and the history of a consensus and the causes of inaction. Now, I want to welcome our witnesses: The Honorable Tim Wirth of Colorado, Vice Chairman and President Emeritus of the United Nations Foundation; Dr. Michael Oppenheimer, the Albert Milbank Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton Uni- versity, that’s going to be pretty tough to get on your business card; Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, University Professor and Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University; and Nicolas Loris, Deputy Di- rector of the Thomas A. Rowe Institute for Economic Policy Studies and Herbert and Joyce Morgan Fellow in Energy and Environ- mental Policy at the Heritage Foundation. I will begin by swearing you in. Please stand and raise your right hand. Do you swear or affirm that the testimony you are about to give is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? Thank you. Let the record show that the witnesses answered in the affirmative. Without objection, I would like to have Senator Wirth, you are now recognized for five minutes to give your testi- mony. I’m sorry, Dr. Sachs, because I know you have a hard stop, so we’re going to go with you first to provide your testimony. The floor is yours. (1) 2 STATEMENT OF JEFFREY SACHS, PH.D., UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR AND DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Mr. SACHS. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. I am honored to be able to participate in these important hearings. In October 1992, the U.S. Senate ratified the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, with the objective to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the cli- mate system. This is the law of the land under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution. Yet for almost 27 years, the U.S. Con- gress has failed to adopt any major legislation to implement this treaty. Since 1992, greenhouse gasses have risen relentlessly, with CO2 concentrations raising from 357 parts per million in February 1992 to 411 parts per million in February 2019. Climate safety is now nearly out of reach, thanks in no small part to the scandalous inaction of the U.S. Congress. In 2019, it is a bit late to discuss the views of Congressmen regarding climate science. Despite the pseudo debate over climate science in the Wall Street Journal and Fox News, there is no such debate among pro- fessional climatologists. This science goes back 150 years. It is ab- solutely a consensus, and the type of claims that are made about the debate are simply bizarre. In 2019, it is a bit late to doubt the threats awaiting human kind if the U.S. Congress persists in its unconscionable inaction. The five hottest years on record have been during the past five years. The 20 hottest years on record have been in the past 22 years. Temperatures are already 1.1 degree Celsius above the pre-indus- trial level, and are higher than any decade of the past 10,000 years, the entire span of human civilization, the so-called Holocene. The U.S. and the planet are buffeted by extraordinary heat waves, droughts, floods, forest fires, and extreme storms. The dam- age from climate-related disasters is soaring and has exceeded $450 billion during 2016 to 2018, or an average of $150 billion per year. World leading climate scientist James Hansen, long NASA’s lead climatologist, recently published the finding that earth is now as warm as it was during the prior interglacial period, known as the Eemian, when the sea level reached six to nine meters higher than today. Hansen concludes that we are at dire risk of a catastrophic rise in sea level by many meters. In 2019, it is a bit late to doubt the practicalities of stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions. Engineering studies galore have repeat- edly demonstrated that we already have the technologies needed to de-carbonize most or all of the world energy system, and that com- prehensive de-carbonization is within reach and is economical. The key steps are to shift electricity from coal, oil, and gas to renewable zero carbon sources, mainly solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, to electrify automobiles and home heating, and to meet other energy needs, for example, shipping, aviation, trucking and heavy industry through a combination of direct electrification in synthetic fuels manufactured with zero carbon electricity. In view of these findings, the recent proposals for a Green New Deal make eminent sense, and a de-carbonization plan should be 3 put into legislation as soon as possible. Several recent studies have shown how