Microwave Photonics Devices and Applications Edited by Stavros Iezekiel Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Cyprus Microwave Photonics Microwave Photonics Devices and Applications Edited by Stavros Iezekiel Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Cyprus This edition first published 2009 # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Microwave photonics : devices and applications / edited by Stavros Iezekiel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-84854-8 (cloth) 1. Microwave devices. 2. Photonics. 3. Electrooptics. 4. Optoelectronics. I. Iezekiel, Stavros. TK7876.M265 2009 621.38103–dc22 2008052215 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-470-84854-8 Set in 10/12pt Times New Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India. Printed in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire. Contents List of Contributors vii Preface xi List of Acronyms xv Part I Introduction to Microwave Photonics 1 1 Microwave Photonics – an Introductory Overview 3 Stavros Iezekiel Part II Component Technologies 39 2 Direct Modulation for Microwave Photonics 41 Rajeev Ram and Harry Lee 3 High-power Distributed Photodetectors for RF Photonic Applications 67 Sagi Mathai and Ming C. Wu 4 Photonic Oscillators for THz Signal Generation 85 Andreas Stohr€ and Dieter Jager€ 5 Terahertz Sources 111 R. E. Miles and M. Naftaly Part III Systems Applications 131 6 Analogue Microwave Fibre-optic Link Design 133 Edward I. Ackerman and Charles H. Cox, III 7 Fibre Radio Technology 169 Dalma Novak, Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas, Christina Lim, and Rod Waterhouse vi Contents 8 Microwave Photonic Signal Processing 191 Jose Capmany, Jose Mora, Daniel Pastor, Beatriz Ortega, and Salvador Sales 9 RF and Microwave Photonics in Biomedical Applications 239 Afshin S. Daryoush 10 Characterization of Microwave Photonic Components 291 Stavros Iezekiel Index 333 List of Contributors Edward I. Ackerman Photonics Systems, Inc., 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Building #5, Billerica, MA 01821, USA. Email: [email protected] Jose Capmany Optical and Quantum Communications Group, ITEAM Research Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Email: [email protected] Charles H. Cox, III Photonics Systems, Inc., 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Building #5, Billerica, MA 01821, USA. Email: [email protected] Afshin S. Daryoush Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Bossone 312, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2875, USA. Email: [email protected] Stavros Iezekiel Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. Email: [email protected] Dieter Jager€ Universit€at Duisburg-Essen, ZHO/Optoelektronik, Lotharstr. 55, 47057 Duisburg, Germany. Email: [email protected] Harry Lee Physical Optics and Electronics Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Room 26-459, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA. Email: [email protected] Christina Lim ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks (CUBIN), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. Email: [email protected] viii List of Contributors Sagi Mathai Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and Berkeley Sensors and Actuators Center, 261M Cory Hall, 3-0808, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1770, USA. Email: [email protected] Bob Miles Professor of Semiconductor Electronics, Institute of Microwaves and Photonics, School of Electronic Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Email: [email protected] Jose Mora Optical and Quantum Communications Group, ITEAM Research Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Email: [email protected] Mira Naftaly National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK. Email: [email protected] Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks (CUBIN), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and National ICT Australia, Victoria Research Laboratory. Email: [email protected] Dalma Novak Pharad, LLC, 797 Cromwell Park Drive, Suite V, Glen Burnie, MD 21061, USA; and ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks (CUBIN), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Beatriz Ortega Optical and Quantum Communications Group, ITEAM Research Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Email: [email protected] Daniel Pastor Optical and Quantum Communications Group, ITEAM Research Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Email: [email protected] Rajeev Ram Research Laboratory of Electronics and Professor of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Room 36-491, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Email: [email protected] List of Contributors ix Salvador Sales Optical and Quantum Communications Group, ITEAM Research Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Email: [email protected] Andreas Stohr€ Universit€at Duisburg-Essen, ZHO/Optoelektronik, Lotharstr. 55, 47057 Duisburg, Germany. Email: [email protected] Rod Waterhouse Pharad, LLC, 797 Cromwell Park Drive, Suite V, Glen Burnie, MD 21061, USA; and ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks (CUBIN), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. Email: [email protected] Ming C. Wu Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and Berkeley Sensors and Actuators Center, 261M Cory Hall, 3-0808, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1770, USA. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Preface Microwave engineering and photonics technology are two areas of electrical engineering that have had a dramatic impact on everyday life, in particular in the fields of communication and sensing. The last few decades have seen optical techniques dominating long haul commu- nications, and optical-fibre-to-the-home deployment is being actively pursued in some regions. The huge bandwidth of optical fibres has acted as the spur to develop techniques such as wavelength division multiplexing and to design optoelectronic components, driver electronics and receiver electronics operating at ever higher speeds. This means that the designers of optical-fibre systems have to now consider microwave design issues when dealing with optoelectronic components and their associated electronics. We have also witnessed phenom- enal growth in wireless communications in order to support an increasingly mobile and nomadic lifestyle, and this has been driven by advances not only in signal processing but also microwave components and systems. Whilst early generations of wireless systems have operated at a few GHz, there is substantial research and development activity in mm-wave wireless technology and this has been supported by the development of radio-over-fibre in which optical networks are used for signal distribution and also mm-wave signal generation. Whatever form future generations of communications networks take, it is clear that the physical layer will continue to be dominated by photonics technology (for wired) and microwave technology (for wireless). The ‘interface’ between microwave and photonics technologies