An International ICT R&D Journal Sponsored by ZTE Corporation ISSN 1673-5188 CN 34-1294/ TN CODEN ZCTOAK ZTE COMMUNICATIONS ZTE COMMUNICATIONS tech.zte.com.cn October 2017, Vol. 15 No. 4 SPECIAL TOPIC: Cloud Computing, Fog Computing, and Dew Computing VOLUME 15 NUMBER 4 OCTOBER 2017 ZTE Communications Editorial Board Chairman ZHAO Houlin: International Telecommunication Union (Switzerland) Vice Chairmen ZHAO Xianming: ZTE Corporation (China) XU ChengƼZhong: Wayne State University (USA) Members (in Alphabetical Order): CAO Jiannong Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Hong Kong, China) CHEN Chang Wen University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (USA) CHEN Jie ZTE Corporation (China) CHEN Shigang University of Florida (USA) CHEN Yan Northwestern University (USA) Connie ChangƼHasnain University of California, Berkeley (USA) CUI Shuguang University of California, Davis (USA) DONG Yingfei University of Hawaii (USA) GAO Wen Peking University (China) HWANG JenqƼNeng University of Washington (USA) LI Guifang University of Central Florida (USA) LUO FaƼLong Element CXI (USA) MA Jianhua Hosei University (Japan) PAN Yi Georgia State University (USA) REN Fuji The University of Tokushima (Japan) SONG Wenzhan University of Georgia (USA) SUN Huifang Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (USA) SUN Zhili University of Surrey (UK) Victor C. M. Leung The University of British Columbia (Canada) WANG Xiaodong Columbia University (USA) WANG Zhengdao Iowa State University (USA) WU Keli The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong, China) XU ChengƼZhong Wayne State University (USA) YANG Kun University of Essex (UK) YUAN Jinhong University of New South Wales (Australia) ZENG Wenjun Microsoft Research Asia (USA) ZHANG Chengqi University of Technology Sydney (Australia) ZHANG Honggang Zhejiang University (China) ZHANG Yueping Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) ZHAO Houlin International Telecommunication Union (Switzerland) ZHAO Xianming ZTE Corporation (China) ZHOU Wanlei Deakin University (Australia) ZHUANG Weihua University of Waterloo (Canada) CONTENTS An International ICT R&D Journal Sponsored by ZTE Corporation ISSN 1673-5188 CN 34-1294/ TN Special Topic: Cloud Computing, Fog Computing, and CODEN ZCTOAK Dew Computing ZTE COMMUNICATIONS tech.zte.com.cn October 2017, Vol. 15 No. 4 Guest Editorial 01 SPECIAL TOPIC: Cloud Computing, Fog Computing, and PAN Yi and LUO Guangchun Dew Computing A Transparent and User⁃Centric Approach to Unify Resource 03 Management and Code Scheduling of Local, Edge, and Cloud ZHOU Yuezhi, ZHANG Di, and ZHANG Yaoxue Submission of a manuscript implies that An OS for Internet of Everything: Early Experience from 12 the submitted work has not been published A Smart Home Prototype before (except as part of a thesis or lecture note or report or in the form of an CAO Jie, XU Lanyu, Raef Abdallah, and SHI Weisong abstract); that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors as well as by the authorities at the institute where the work has been HCOS: A Unified Model and Architecture for Cloud 23 carried out; that, if and when the Operating System manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors hand over the transferable CHEN Aiguo, WU Huaigu, TIAN Ling, and LUO Guangchun copyrights of the accepted manuscript to ZTE Communications; and that the manuscript or parts thereof will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright Dew Computing and Transition of Internet Computing Paradigms holder. Copyrights include, without spatial 30 or timely limitation, the mechanical, WANG Yingwei, Karolj Skala, Andy Rindos, Marjan Gusev, electronic and visual reproduction and YANG Shuhui, and PAN Yi distribution; electronic storage and retrieval; and all other forms of electronic publication or any other types of publication including all subsidiary rights. Responsibility for content rests on authors of signed articles and not on the Online Shuffling with Task Duplication in Cloud 38 editorial board of ZTE Communications or its sponsors. ZANG Qimeng and GUO Song All rights reserved. CONTENTS ZTE COMMUNICATIONS Technical Analysis of Network Plug⁃In Flannel for Containers Vol. 15 No. 4 (Issue 59) 43 Quarterly YANG Yong, DONG Xiugang, and DONG Zhenjiang First English Issue Published in 2003 Supervised by: Anhui Science and Technology Department Sponsored by: Anhui Science and Technology Information Review Research Institute and ZTE Corporation Staff Members: Editor-in-Chief: CHEN Jie Virtualization Technology in Cloud Computing Based Radio 47 Executive Associate Access Networks: A Primer Editor-in-Chief: HUANG Xinming Editor-in-Charge: ZHU Li ZHANG Xian and PENG Mugen Editors: XU Ye, LU Dan, ZHAO Lu Producer: YU Gang Circulation Executive: WANG Pingping Assistant: WANG Kun Editorial Correspondence: Add: 12F Kaixuan Building, 329 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230061, China Tel: +86-551-65533356 Introduction to ZTE Communications Fax: +86-551-65850139 Email: [email protected] Published and Circulated ZTE Communications is a quarterly, peer ⁃ reviewed international technical (Home and Abroad) by: journal (ISSN 1673- 5188 and CODEN ZCTOAK) sponsored by ZTE Corpora⁃ Editorial Office of ZTE Communications tion, a major international provider of telecommunications, enterprise and con⁃ sumer technology solutions for the Mobile Internet. The journal publishes origi⁃ Printed by: Hefei Tiancai Color Printing Company nal academic papers and research findings on the whole range of communica⁃ Publication Date: tions topics, including communications and information system design, optical fi⁃ October 25, 2017 ber and electro⁃optical engineering, microwave technology, radio wave propaga⁃ Publication Licenses: tion, antenna engineering, electromagnetics, signal and image processing, and ISSN 1673-5188 power engineering. The journal is designed to be an integrated forum for universi⁃ CN 34-1294/ TN ty academics and industry researchers from around the world. ZTE Communica⁃ Annual Subscription: tions was founded in 2003 and has a readership of 5500. The English version is RMB 80 distributed to universities, colleges, and research institutes in more than 140 countries. It is listed in Inspec, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA), Index of Copernicus (IC), Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, Abstract Journal, Chinese Jour⁃ nal Fulltext Databases, Wanfang Data — Digital Periodicals, and China Science and Technology Journal Database. Each issue of ZTE Communications is based around a Special Topic, and past issues have attracted contributions from lead⁃ ing international experts in their fields. Special Topic Guest Editorial PAN Yi and LUO Guangchun Cloud Computing, Fog Computing, and Dew Computing ▶ PAN Yi ince the first computer was invented in 1946, a few major mile⁃ stones have stood along the way of Information Technology’s devel⁃ Dr. PAN Yi is currently a Regents’Professor opment. Among them, most notable ones are personal computers and Chair of Computer Science at Georgia (PC), the Internet, World Wide Web (WWW), and cloud comput⁃ State University, USA. He has served as an S Associate Dean and Chair of Biology Depart⁃ ing. Cloud computing has drastically changed the landscape of IT industry by ment during 2013- 2017 and Chair of Com⁃ providing some major benefits to IT customers: eliminating upfront IT invest⁃ puter Science during 2006- 2013. Dr. PAN joined Georgia State University in 2000, was ment, scalability, proportional costs, and so on. In addition, cloud computing promoted to full professor in 2004, named a also prompts new challenges and brings in new progress. However, the delay⁃ Distinguished University Professor in 2013 sensitive applications face the problem of large latency, especially when sev⁃ and designated a Regents’ Professor (the highest recognition given to a faculty member by the University eral smart devices are getting involved. Therefore, cloud computing is unable System of Georgia) in 2015. Dr. PAN received his B.Eng. and M. to meet the requirements of low latency, location awareness, and mobility Eng. degrees in computer engineering from Tsinghua University, China, in 1982 and 1984, respectively, and his Ph.D. degree in support. computer science from the University of Pittsburgh, USA, in 1991. To overcome this problem, Cisco has first introduced a trusted and depend⁃ His profile has been featured as a distinguished alumnus in both able solution through fog computing to put the services and resources of the Tsinghua Alumni Newsletter and University of Pittsburgh CS Alumni Newsletter. Dr. PAN’s research interests include parallel cloud closer to users, which facilitates the leveraging of available services and cloud computing, wireless networks, and bioinformatics. Dr. and resources in the edge networks. Edge devices such as routers, routing PAN has published more than 330 papers including over 180 SCI switches, integrated access devices provide an entry point into enterprise or journal papers and 80 IEEE/ACM Transactions papers. In addi⁃ tion, he has edited/authored 40 books. His work has been cited service provider core networks. Fog computing is a scenario where a huge more than 8300 times in GoogleScholar. Dr. PAN has served as an number of heterogeneous ubiquitous and decentralized devices communicate editor⁃in⁃chief or editorial board member for 15 journals including and potentially cooperate with each other and with the network to perform 7 IEEE Transactions. He is the recipient of many awards includ⁃ ing IEEE Transactions