MINORITY-LANGUAGE RELATED BROADCASTING AND LEGISLATION IN THE OSCE Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy (PCMLP), Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Wolfson College, Oxford University & Institute for Information Law (IViR), Universiteit van Amsterdam Study commissioned by the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities April 2003 Edited by: Tarlach McGonagle (IViR) Bethany Davis Noll (PCMLP) Monroe Price (PCMLP) Table of contents Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................i Overview....................................................................................................................................1 Suggested further reading ........................................................................................................32 Summary of international and national provisions ..................................................................35 Albania.....................................................................................................................................56 Andorra ....................................................................................................................................62 Armenia....................................................................................................................................66 Austria......................................................................................................................................71 Azerbaijan................................................................................................................................84 Belarus .....................................................................................................................................90 Belgium....................................................................................................................................95 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........................................................................................................120 Bulgaria..................................................................................................................................129 Canada....................................................................................................................................136 Croatia....................................................................................................................................149 Cyprus....................................................................................................................................160 Czech Republic ......................................................................................................................168 Denmark.................................................................................................................................176 Estonia....................................................................................................................................184 Finland ...................................................................................................................................192 France.....................................................................................................................................204 Georgia...................................................................................................................................212 Germany.................................................................................................................................217 Greece ....................................................................................................................................230 The Holy See..........................................................................................................................235 Hungary..................................................................................................................................238 Iceland....................................................................................................................................247 Ireland ....................................................................................................................................251 Italy ........................................................................................................................................266 Kazakhstan.............................................................................................................................273 Kyrgyzstan .............................................................................................................................281 Latvia .....................................................................................................................................288 Liechtenstein..........................................................................................................................296 Lithuania ................................................................................................................................301 Luxembourg...........................................................................................................................308 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia......................................................................313 Malta ......................................................................................................................................320 Moldova .................................................................................................................................324 Monaco ..................................................................................................................................329 The Netherlands.....................................................................................................................332 Norway...................................................................................................................................342 Poland ....................................................................................................................................347 Portugal..................................................................................................................................356 Romania .................................................................................................................................360 Russian Federation.................................................................................................................367 San Marino.............................................................................................................................373 Serbia and Montenegro – Montenegro ..................................................................................378 Serbia and Montenegro - Serbia ............................................................................................385 Slovakia..................................................................................................................................402 Slovenia..................................................................................................................................407 Spain ......................................................................................................................................418 Sweden...................................................................................................................................428 Switzerland ............................................................................................................................436 Tajikistan................................................................................................................................445 Turkey....................................................................................................................................450 Turkmenistan .........................................................................................................................459 Ukraine...................................................................................................................................463 United Kingdom.....................................................................................................................469 United States ..........................................................................................................................487 Uzbekistan..............................................................................................................................495 Country Experts .....................................................................................................................512 Acknowledgements The editors gratefully acknowledge the invaluable help of the following organisations and people in coordinating and preparing this report: Ellen Goodman and Barak J. Sanford, Covington & Burling; Mark Whitehouse, Director, Media Development Division, IREX; and Andrei Richter, Director, Moscow Media Law and Policy Institute (MMLPI). IREX and the MMLPI were instrumental in providing research assistance and in locating some of the research consultants. Thanks are due to Louise Scott, PCMLP, and Anja Dobbelsteen, Nico van Eijk, Sjoerd van Geffen, Lucie Guibault and Saskia Hoes, IViR, for their valuable administrative/technical assistance.