Video BASICS 6 The Wadsworth Series in Broadcast and Production Albarran, Management of Electronic Media, Fourth Edition Alten, Audio in Media, Eighth Edition Eastman/Ferguson, Media Programming: Strategies and Practices, Eighth Edition Gross, Digital Moviemaking, Seventh Edition Hausman/Benoit/Messere/O’Donnell, Announcing: Broadcast Communicating Today, Fifth Edition Hausman/Benoit/Messere/O’Donnell, Modern Radio Production, Eighth Edition Hilliard, Writing for Television, Radio, and New Media, Ninth Edition Hilmes, Connections: A Broadcast History Reader Hilmes, Only Connect: A Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States, Second Edition Mamer, Film Production Technique: Creating the Accomplished Image, Fifth Edition Meeske, Copywriting for the Electronic Media: A Practical Guide, Sixth Edition Osgood/Hinshaw, Visual Storytelling Stephens, Broadcast News, Fourth Edition Viera/Viera, Lighting for Film and Electronic Cinematography, Second Edition Zettl, Sight Sound Motion: Applied Media Aesthetics, Fifth Edition Zettl, Television Production Handbook, Tenth Edition Zettl, Television Production Workbook, Tenth Edition Zettl, Video Basics 6 Zettl, Video Basics Workbook 6 Zettl, Zettl’s VideoLab 3.0, Revised, DVD-ROM BASICS Herbert Zettl San Francisco State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Video Basics, Sixth Edition © 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Herbert Zettl ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Art Director: Linda Helcher Print Buyer: Susan Carroll Library of Congress Control Number: 2008941300 Permissions Editor: Mardell Glinski Schultz ISBN-13: 978-0-495-56943-5 Production Service/Compositor: ISBN-10: 0-495-56943-7 Gary Palmatier, Ideas to Images Text Designer: Gary Palmatier, Ideas to Images Wadsworth 25 Thomson Place Photo Manager: Amanda Groszko Boston, MA 02210-1202 Photo Researcher: Catherine Schnurr, USA Pre-PressPMG Copy Editor: Elizabeth von Radics Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Cover Designer: Gary Palmatier, Ideas to Images Cover Images: Edward Aiona (reporter, bicycle For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com race) and Panasonic (camera) Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 TO ALEX AND ANNE Brief Contents Part I Production: Processes and People 1 Chapter 1 Production Process 2 Chapter 2 Production Team: Who Does What When? 18 Part II Image Creation: Digital Video and Camera 35 Chapter 3 Image Formation and Digital Video 36 Chapter 4 Video Camera 50 Chapter 5 Operating the Camera 70 Chapter 6 Looking Through the Viewfi nder 94 Part III Image Creation: Sound, Light, Graphics, and Eff ects 115 Chapter 7 Audio and Sound Control 116 Chapter 8 Light, Color, and Lighting 152 Chapter 9 Graphics and Eff ects 190 Part IV Image Control: Switching, Recording, and Editing 209 Chapter 10 Switcher and Switching 210 Chapter 11 Video Recording 226 Chapter 12 Postproduction: Linear and Nonlinear Editing 248 Chapter 13 Editing Principles 276 Part V Production Environment: Studio, Field, Postproduction, and Synthetic 297 Chapter 14 Production Environment: Studio 298 Chapter 15 Production Environment: Field, Postproduction, and Synthetic 322 Part VI Production Control: Talent and Directing 343 Chapter 16 Talent, Clothing, and Makeup 344 Chapter 17 Putting It All Together: Directing 362 Contents About the Author xviii Preface xix PART I Production: Processes and People 1 CHAPTER 1 Production Process 2 PRODUCTION MODEL 4 PRODUCTION PHASES 4 IMPORTANCE OF PREPRODUCTION 5 PREPRODUCTION: GENERATING IDEAS ON DEMAND 6 Brainstorming 6 Clustering 7 PREPRODUCTION: FROM IDEA TO SCRIPT 8 Program Objective 9 Angle 9 Evaluation 10 Script 10 PREPRODUCTION: FROM SCRIPT TO PRODUCTION 10 Medium Requirements 10 Budget 12 MEDIA CONVERGENCE 12 Digital Cinema and Video 12 Studio and Field Production 12 vii viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 Production Team: Who Does What When? 18 PRODUCTION TEAMS 20 Preproduction Team 22 Production Team 25 Postproduction Team 25 PASSING THE BUCK 26 TAKING AND SHARING RESPONSIBILITY 28 PRODUCTION SCHEDULE AND TIME LINE 30 INTERVIEW PRODUCTION SCHEDULE 31 TIME LINE: MARCH 9—INTERVIEW (STUDIO 1) 31 PART II Image Creation: Digital Video and Camera 35 CHAPTER 3 Image Formation and Digital Video 36 BASIC IMAGE FORMATION 37 Scanning Process 38 Digital Video Scanning Systems 40 HDV Systems 41 Flat-panel Displays 42 WHAT IS DIGITAL? 43 DIGITAL PROCESS 43 Analog and Digital Signals 43 Digital System 43 Downloading and Streaming 44 DIGITAL PROCESS RESTATED 44 Analog Signal 45 Digital Signal and Quantizing 45 Sampling 46 Compression and Transport 46 WHY DIGITAL? 47 Picture and Sound Quality in Dubs 47 Compression 47 Manipulation 48 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 4 Video Camera 50 BASIC CAMERA FUNCTION AND ELEMENTS 51 Function 51 Lens 53 Beam Splitter and Imaging Device 57 Imaging Device or Sensor 58 Video Signal Processing 60 Viewfi nder 60 TYPES OF CAMERAS 61 Camcorders 61 ENG/EFP Cameras 63 Studio Cameras 64 Digital Cinema Cameras 68 CHAPTER 5 Operating the Camera 70 BASIC CAMERA MOVEMENTS 72 CAMERA MOUNTS AND HOW TO USE THEM 75 Handheld and Shoulder-mounted Camera 75 Tripod-supported Camera 78 Special Camera Mounts 81 Studio Pedestal 83 OPERATIONAL FEATURES 86 Focusing 86 Adjusting Shutter Speed 88 Zooming 88 White-balancing 89 GENERAL GUIDELINES 89 CHECKLIST: CAMCORDERS AND ENG/EFP CAMERAS 90 CHECKLIST: STUDIO CAMERAS 91 x CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 Looking Through the Viewfi nder 94 FRAMING A SHOT 96 Aspect Ratio 96 Field of View 97 Vectors 99 Composition 100 Psychological Closure 104 MANIPULATING PICTURE DEPTH 107 Defi ning the Z-axis 107 Lenses and Z-axis Length 108 Lenses and Depth of Field 108 Lenses and Z-axis Speed 110 CONTROLLING CAMERA AND OBJECT MOTION 110 Controlling Camera Movement and Zooms 110 Controlling Object Motion 112 PART III Image Creation: Sound, Light, Graphics, and Eff ects 115 CHAPTER 7 Audio and Sound Control 116 SOUND PICKUP PRINCIPLE 118 MICROPHONES 118 How Well Mics Hear: Sound Pickup 118 How Mics Are Made 120 How Mics Are Used 122 SOUND CONTROL 132 Manual Volume Control 132 Audio Mixer 132 Audio Console 137 Cables and Patch Panel 139 SOUND RECORDING 141 Digital Audio Production Equipment 141 Analog Recording Equipment 143 AUDIO POSTPRODUCTION 144 Audio Postproduction Room 144 CONTENTS xi Sound Waveform 146 Automated Dialogue Replacement 146 SYNTHESIZED SOUND 147 SOUND AESTHETICS 147 Context 147 Figure/Ground 148 Sound Perspective 148 Continuity 148 Energy 149 CHAPTER 8 Light, Color, and Lighting 152 LIGHT 154 Types of Light 154 Light Intensity 154 Measuring Illumination 155 Contrast 156 SHADOWS 157 Attached Shadows 157 Cast Shadows 160 Falloff 160 COLOR 161 Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing 161 Color Television Receiver and Generated Colors 162 Color Temperature and White-balancing 162 LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS 165 Spotlights 165 Floodlights 169 LED Lights 171 Special-purpose Spotlights and Floodlights 172 LIGHTING TECHNIQUES 174 Operation of Lights 174 CHECKLIST: LIGHTING SAFETY 174 Studio Lighting 175 Light Plot 181 Field Lighting 182 GUIDELINES: FIELD LIGHTING 186 Last-minute-lighting Techniques 187 xii CONTENTS CHAPTER 9 Graphics and Eff ects 190 PRINCIPLES OF GRAPHICS 192 Aspect Ratio 192 Essential Area 192 Readability 193 Color 194 Animated Graphics 196 Style 196 STANDARD ELECTRONIC VIDEO EFFECTS 196 Superimposition 196 Key 197 Wipe 199 DIGITAL EFFECTS 201 Digital Image Manipulation Equipment 201 Common Digital Video Eff ects 203 Synthetic Image Creation 204 PART IV Image Control: Switching, Recording, and Editing 209 CHAPTER 10 Switcher and Switching 210 PRODUCTION SWITCHER 211 BASIC SWITCHER FUNCTIONS 213 SWITCHER LAYOUT 214 Program Bus 214 Preview Bus 215 Key Bus 216 Fader Bar and Auto-transition 216 Delegation Controls 216 SWITCHER OPERATION 217 Working the Program Bus: Cuts-only 217 Working the Mix Buses: Cuts 218 Working the Mix Buses: Dissolves 219 Working the Eff ects Bus: Wipes 220 CONTENTS xiii Working the Key Bus: Keys 220 Working the Downstream Keyer 222 Chroma Keying 222 Special Eff ects 222 AUTOMATED PRODUCTION CONTROL 222 APC Function 222 Control Panels 223 CHAPTER 11 Video Recording 226 VIDEO-RECORDING SYSTEMS 228 Tape- and Tapeless Recording Systems 228 Basic Videotape Tracks 228 Composite, Y/C