The History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from 2000–2020 Course Author Professor Paul D. Williams Elliott School of International Affairs, the George Washington University Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. Peace Operations Training Institute Study peace and humanitarian relief any place, any time The History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from 2000–2020 After their deployment in Bangassou, in the Mbomou prefecture in the south-east of the Central African Republic, 150 members of the Central African Armed Forces work in close collaboration with peacekeepers serving with the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA). Joint patrols are carried out daily in the city and its peripheries to reassure and protect the population, working towards a lasting peace in the region. 1 August 2018. UN Photo #775476 by Herve Serefio. Course Author Professor Paul D. Williams Elliott School of International Affairs, the George Washington University Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. Peace Operations Training Institute Study peace and humanitarian relief any place, any time © 2020 Peace Operations Training Institute. All rights reserved. Peace Operations Training Institute 1309 Jamestown Road, Suite 202 Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA www.peaceopstraining.org First edition: 2020 by Professor Paul D. Williams The material contained herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the eaceP Operations Training Institute (POTI), the Course Author(s), or any United Nations organs or affiliated organizations. The Peace Operations Training Institute is an international not-for-profit NGO registered as a 501(c)(3) with the Internal Revenue Service of the United States of America. The Peace Operations Training Institute is a separate legal entity from the United Nations. Although every effort has been made to verify the contents of this course, the Peace Operations Training Institute and the Course Author(s) disclaim any and all responsibility for facts and opinions contained in the text, which have been assimilated largely from open media and other independent sources. This course was written to be a pedagogical and teaching document, consistent with existing UN policy and doctrine, but this course does not establish or promulgate doctrine. Only officially vetted and approved UN documents may establish or promulgate UN policy or doctrine. Information with diametrically opposing views is sometimes provided on given topics, in order to stimulate scholarly interest, and is in keeping with the norms of pure and free academic pursuit. Versions of this course offered in other languages may differ slightly from the primary English master copy. Translators make every effort to retain the integrity of the material. The History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from 2000–2020 Table of Contents Method of Study ix Lesson 1 Overview: Trends and Key Themes 10 Introduction 11 Section 1.1 Course Overview 12 Section 1.2 Major Trends in UN Peacekeeping, 2000–2020 13 Section 1.3 Enduring Themes in UN Peacekeeping, 2000–2020 26 Lesson 2 Peacekeeping Reborn 31 Introduction 32 Section 2.1 UN Peacekeeping Reborn 33 Section 2.2 UN Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone 34 Section 2.3 UN Peacekeeping in Kosovo 37 Section 2.4 UN Peacekeeping in East Timor 41 Section 2.5 UN Peacekeeping in the DRC 44 Section 2.6 UN Peacekeeping and the “Global War on Terrorism” 46 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE V The History Of UNITED Nations PEACEKEEPING OPErations frOM 2000–2020 Lesson 3 Peacekeeping in Western Africa 50 Introduction 51 Section 3.1 Ending UN Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone 52 Section 3.2 UN Peacekeeping in Côte d’Ivoire 53 Section 3.3 UN Peacekeeping in Liberia 57 Section 3.4 UN Peacekeeping in Western Sahara 61 Lesson 4 Peacekeeping in Eastern Africa 67 Introduction 68 Section 4.1 UN Peacekeeping between Eritrea and Ethiopia 69 Section 4.2 UN Peacekeeping in Burundi 71 Section 4.3 The UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) 73 Section 4.4 UN Peacekeeping in Chad and the Central African Republic 77 Section 4.5 UN Peacekeeping in Abyei 80 Section 4.6 UN Peacekeeping in South Sudan 82 Lesson 5 Peacekeeping in Europe, Asia, and the Caucasus 89 Introduction 90 Section 5.1 UN Peacekeeping in Southern Europe 91 Section 5.2 UN Peacekeeping in South and South-East Asia 96 Section 5.3 UN Peacekeeping in the Caucasus 101 Lesson 6 Peacekeeping in the Middle East 106 Introduction 107 Section 6.1 The UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) 108 Section 6.2 The UN Disengagement Observer force (UNDOf) 109 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VI The History Of UNITED Nations PEACEKEEPING OPErations frOM 2000–2020 Section 6.3 The UN Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) 111 Section 6.4 The UN Interim force in Lebanon (UNIfIL) 112 Section 6.5 The UN Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS) 117 Lesson 7 UN Stabilization Operations 123 Introduction 124 Section 7.1 Stabilization and UN Peacekeeping 125 Section 7.2 MINUSTAH in Haiti 127 Section 7.3 MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of Congo 130 Section 7.4 MINUSMA in Mali 133 Section 7.5 MINUSCA in the Central African Republic 136 Lesson 8 Partnership Peacekeeping 142 Introduction 143 Section 8.1 Partnership Peacekeeping in Theory and Practice 144 Section 8.2 Hybrid Peacekeeping in Darfur 146 Section 8.3 A Support Package for Somalia 150 Section 8.4 Sequential Peacekeeping: AU to UN Transitions 153 Lesson 9 Guidelines and Principles 158 Introduction 159 Section 9.1 The Panel on UN Peace Operations: The Brahimi Report (2000) 160 Section 9.2 The UN Capstone Doctrine (2008) 162 Section 9.3 The High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (2015) 164 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VII The History Of UNITED Nations PEACEKEEPING OPErations frOM 2000–2020 Section 9.4 Improving the Security of United Nations Peacekeepers (2017) 167 Section 9.5 Action for Peacekeeping (2018) 169 Lesson 10 Summary and Conclusions 173 Introduction 174 Section 10.1 Recap of the Course 175 Section 10.2 The Impacts of UN Peacekeeping on Armed Conflict 177 Section 10.3 Enduring Themes in UN Peacekeeping, 2000–2020 180 Appendix A: List of Acronyms 186 Appendix B: Current Peacekeeping Missions 192 Appendix C: List of UN Peace Operations, 2000–2020 193 Appendix D: Further Readings 195 About the Author: Professor Paul Williams 196 Instructions for the End-of-Course Examination 197 Additional Resources » Go to POTI’s Quizlet page to access virtual flashcards forThe History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from 2000–2020 and other UN-related topics. Available from: <https://quizlet.com/ PeaceOpsTraining/folders/history-of-united-nations-peacekeeping- from-2000-2020/sets>. PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VIII The History Of UNITED Nations PEACEKEEPING OPErations frOM 2000–2020 Method of Study This self-paced course aims to give students flexibility in their approach to learning. The following steps are meant to provide motivation and guidance about some possible strategies and minimum expectations for completing this course successfully: • Before you begin studying, first browse through the entire course. Notice the lesson and section titles to get an overall idea of what will be involved as you proceed. • The material is meant to be relevant and practical. Instead of memorizing individual details, strive to understand concepts and overall perspectives in regard to the United Nations system. • Set personal guidelines and benchmarks regarding how you want to schedule your time. • Study the lesson content and the learning objectives. At the beginning of each lesson, orient yourself to the main points. If possible, read the material twice to ensure maximum understanding and retention, and let time elapse between readings. • At the end of each lesson, take the End-of-Lesson Quiz. Clarify any missed questions by rereading the appropriate sections, and focus on retaining the correct information. • After you complete all of the lessons, prepare for the End-of-Course Examination by taking time to review the main points of each lesson. Then, when ready, log into your online student classroom and take the End-of-Course Examination in one sitting. » Access your online classroom at <www.peaceopstraining.org/users/user_login> from virtually anywhere in the world. • your exam will be scored electronically. If you achieve a passing grade of 75 per cent or higher on the exam, you will be awarded a Certificate of Completion. If you score below 75 per cent, you will be given one opportunity to take a second version of the End-of-Course Examination. • A note about language: This course uses English spelling according to the standards of the Oxford English Dictionary (United Kingdom) and the United Nations Editorial Manual. Key Features of Your Online Classroom » • Access to all of your courses; • A secure testing environment in which to complete your training; • Access to additional training resources, including multimedia course supplements; and • The ability to download your Certificate of Completion for any completed course. PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE IX THE HISTORY OF UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM 2000–2020 LESSON Overview: Trends and Key 1 Themes This lesson provides an overview of the course and highlights the major trends and enduring themes of peacekeeping in the twenty-first century. UN Photo #814838 by Gema Cortes. In this lesson » Lesson Objectives » Section 1.1 Course Overview • Provide a brief overview of the course structure. Section 1.2 Major Trends in UN Peacekeeping, 2000–2020 • Provide an overview of the major patterns and trends in UN peacekeeping operations between Section 1.3 Enduring Themes in UN 2000 and 2020. Peacekeeping, 2000–2020 • Summarize key enduring themes in the history of UN peacekeeping between 2000 and 2020. PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 10 LESSON 1 | OVERVIEW: TRENDS AND KEY THEMES United Nations peacekeepers do roadwork on a highway in Hera.