21st Century Center of Excellence Program CISMOR International Workshop 2005 Modernization and National Identity in East Asia: Globalization and the Revival of Religion November 5-6, 2005 Table of Contents Director’s Introduction 2 Invited Participants 3 Program 6 2005 Activity Report 8 Nov. 5 (Sat.) Session 1: “ The Crisis of National Identity and the Role of Religions in East Asia” 15 Globalization in Balance: The Role and Position of Religion 16 Kamaruzaman, Kamar Oniah Japanese National Identity and the Asian Common House 22 Matsumoto Kenichi Retrospect and Prospect of China’s Modernization: In Search of a New Identity 28 Lau Yee Cheung Comment · Discussion 33 Nov. 5 (Sat.) Session 2: “The Crisis of National Identity and the Role of Religions in Northeast Asia” 41 National Identity and Religions in Today’s China 42 Gao Shining The Path to be Followed by Korean Christianity in the Face of the Emergence of “Neo-Nationalism” 48 Suh Jeong Min Comment · Discussion 51 Nov. 6 (Sun.) Session 3: “The Crisis of National Identity and the Role of Religions in Southeast Asia” 63 Globalization and the Revival of Religion in Malaysia 64 Shastri, Herman Priyaraj Islamic Revival and the Political Campaign of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia: A Direct Challenge to Modernization and Globalization 67 Yusanto, Muhammad Ismail Philippine Islam, Modernization, and Globalization 71 Wadi (ibn Adduk), Julkipli Miluhon Comment · Discussion 76 Nov. 6 (Sun.) Session 4: “Religion and the Future of East Asia” 91 East Asia and Challenges of Globalization: The Role of Monotheistic Religion in Maintaining Values and Identity 92 Solihin, Sohirin Mohammad A Proposal for the Role of East Asian Religious Culture in Alternative Globalization: A Perspective from Korean Christianity 100 Lee Jung Bae Religion and the Sense of the Nation: The Case of the Philippines 110 Cruz, Jose Maria Manaligod Comment · Discussion 112 List of Researchers (CISMOR) 126 Research Group Members 127 Members of Research Projects 2005 129 Director’s Introduction Director’s Introduction We send you the report of the international workshop held by the Center for Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions (CISMOR) at Doshisha University, entitled “Modernization and National Identity in East Asia: Globalization and the Revival of Religion.” East Asia has undergone rapid economic development over the past ten years and is gradu- ally increasing its presence on the global economic stage. Spurred on by the integration of the EU and American-led globalization, the movement toward an integration of the East Asian region is gaining momentum, and the First Asian Summit was held in the last year. Since its establishment in 003, CISMOR has been involved in comprehensive and inter- disciplinary research from the perspectives of “coexistence of civilizations” and “guaran- teeing security,” centering so far on the three main monotheistic religions in the U.S. and the Middle East. Our 005 international workshop focused on East Asia, and we invited researchers from Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Korea, and the Philippines. The modernization of Eastern Asia began as a reaction to Western imperialism, and thus, from its outset, it has been linked to nationalistic sentiment. In Europe and America, mod- ernization has progressed alongside secularism, and this has been the case in Eastern Asia as well. Communism is the expression of a similar process. As we move further into the 1st Century, in addition to a revival of nationalism, Eastern Asia is undergoing a search for a new identity that transcends nationalism. Counter to earlier predictions regarding the progress of modernization and secularism, the phenomenon of religious revival has become increasingly evident in Eastern Asia and has transcended national borders. We often hear that because Eastern Asia does not have a shared civilization, religion, or history, as is the case with the EU, it is unable to form a regional community. For count- less generations, however, Eastern Asia has in fact formed a multi-dimensional society and a sphere of interaction that shares numerous religions, including Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. In this sense, Eastern Asia is an advanced region, overflowing with rich religious depth, that shares diversity and holds the potential to create an alternative or an antithesis to the globalization that espouses global homogeneity based on a material or economic logic. In this international workshop we attempted to delineate a retrospective overview of mod- ernization and the formation of national identity in the countries of the various speakers, and to report on the current status of the phenomena of “globalization and the revival of religion.” We also attempted to exchange frank ideas and opinions regarding the future of the East Asian Region and the world at large, and to provide an outlook for a world in which diverse cultures and civilizations can coexist. Director, Center for Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions Doshisha University Koichi Mori Invited Participants Invited Participants CRUZ, Jose Maria Manaligod is the Dean of the School of Social GAO Shining was a chief editor of Materials of World Religion Sciences, Ateneo de Manila University. A historian by training, his and World Religious Cultures, and is now Professor of Sociology investigations have mainly been on 17th century Philippines. Among of Religion at the Institute of World Religions, Chinese Academy of his publications is an edition of Declaracion de la doctrina Christiana, Social Sciences. She graduated from the Chinese Academy of Social Juan de Oliver, OFM (+1599). He earned his A.B. from Ateneo de Sciences in 1988 and has been a visiting scholar at Toronto University, Manila University and his Ph.D. from Cornell University. He chairs the Canada, at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and at Aarhus governing board of the Regional Centre for History and Traditions, University, Denmark, and received a William Paton Fellowship at Southeast Asian Ministers of Education (SEAMEO-CHAT) and sits on Birmingham University, UK. She is the author of five books including the Board of the National Historical Institute (Philippines). An Exploration of New Religions (Institute of Sino-Christian Studies, Tao Fong Shan, Hong Kong, 2001) and Faith and Live: Christianity and Christians in Beijing (Institute of Sino-Christian Studies at Tao Fong Shan, Hong Kong, 2005) and has written more than 40 aca- demic papers in her field. She is also a Chinese translator of 10 famous western academic books including Love, Power and Justice by P. Tillich (in Selected Works of P.Tillich, Shanghai Joint Publishing Co., 1998) and Sociology of Religion: An Historical Introduction by Roberto Cipriani (the Press of Renmin University, 2005). KAMARUZAMAN, Kamar Oniah is anAssociate Professor in Comparative LAU Yee Cheung received his BA from The Chinese University of Hong Religion at the International Islamic University of Malaysia. She obtained Kong, and his MA and PhD (history) from the University of California, her B.A. in English Studies from the University of Malaya, her M.A. in Santa Barbara in the U.S.A. He taught at the National University of Comparative Religion at Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, and Singapore before taking up a post, in 1991, at the Chinese University her Ph.D. in Islamic Thought and Civilization at ISTAC of the International of Hong Kong, where he is an associate professor and concurrently a Islamic University, Malaysia. Her Ph.D. thesis deals with early Muslim member of its United College assembly of fellows. Dr. Lau’s scholarly scholarship on other religions and on the works and contributions of interests include China’s modernization, Chinese international rela- al-Biruni. Dr. Kamar Oniah is a published author and is also a social tions, Hakka studies, Hong Kong history and Chinese Christian his- activist concentrating on interfaith dialogue and engagement for tory, and he has published books and articles in both Chinese and world peace. She has participated in many seminars and other inter- English. He has conducted research at the major archives and librar- faith programs, locally and abroad, on both academic as well as civil ies in Guangzhou, Taipei, Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing, Boston, and society platforms. She is also the pioneer of the Comparative Religion London. Dr. Lau holds visiting academic memberships at the Hakka curriculum of her university, which is becoming a model for many research centers in Chengdu, Ganzhou, and Meizhou, and serves other institutions. She believes that academic knowledge of religions as an honorary researcher of the Alliance Bible Seminary and as the should be supported by direct exposures to how these religions are academic director for the Hakka Research Center of the Tsung Tsin translated into practice by their adherents; thus, she considers asso- Association, both in Hong Kong. ciations with the various religious communities as essential. 3 Invited Participants LEE Jung Bae is Professor in the field of philosophy of religion MATSUMOTO Kenichi is a critic and writer who graduated from the at Methodist Theological Seminary. A graduate of the Methodist Faculty of Economics at the University of Tokyo in 1968. After work- Theological Seminary and the theological faculty at Basel in ing at the Asahi Glass Company, Matsumoto made his debut in the Switzerland (1986), since 1986 he has been active in the theology literary world with “Kita Ikki in His Youth,” published in 1971. Since of culture, indigenous theology, ecological theology and religious then he has been active in the philosophy of politics, literary criti- dialogue, as well as in many societies related to his scholarly inter- cism, religion research, and many other fields related to the history ests. Currently he is a president of the Korean Society of Systematic of the spirit. In 1995, he was awarded the seventh Asia-Pacific Award Theology and of the Environmental Community of the Korean YMCA. for Modern Asia’s History of the Spirit (Chuo Koron Shinsha).