DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation “Reign and Religion in Palestine. The Political Instrumentalization of Sacred Iconogra- phy in the Hellenistic-Roman Period on the Basis of the Numismatic Evidence” Band 1 von 1 Verfasserin Mag. Anne Lykke angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr.phil.) Wien, im Juni 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 314 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Klassische Archäologie Betreuerin Prof. Dr. Marion Meyer 2 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................7 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................13 Maps ..................................................................................................................................19 Introduction: Considerations Concerning the Use of Iconography in Ancient Coinage .....25 PART 1: THE LATE PERSIAN AND HELLENISTIC PERIODS (C. 400 – 37 BCE) ...35 CHAPTER 1: The Emergence of Coinage in the Province of Judah ................................37 1.1 The Introduction of Coinage in the Province of Judah during the Persian Period (4th Century BCE).................................................................................................39 1.2 The YHD Coinage ...............................................................................................43 1.2.1 The Typology of the YHD Coinage...........................................................44 1.2.2 The Metrology of the YHD Coinage .........................................................45 1.2.3 The Hebrew Language and Script..............................................................47 1.3 Names and Titles on Persian Period YHD Coins ...............................................48 1.3.1 YWḤNN HKHN ........................................................................................48 1.3.2 YḤZQYH HPḤH and YḤZQYH ..............................................................52 1.3.3 YHDH .........................................................................................................55 1.4 The God and the Winged Wheel? (BM TC242.5)..............................................57 1.5 The YHD Coins Minted under Ptolemaic Rule ..................................................60 1.6 YHD Coinage: Jewish or Not?............................................................................63 CHAPTER 2: Jewish Coinage under Hasmonaean Rule (162-37 BCE)...........................71 2.1 Jews and Greeks in Hellenistic Palestine ............................................................72 2.1.1 Jewish Literature.........................................................................................73 2.1.2 Greek Literature..........................................................................................75 2.1.3 Epigraphic Sources .....................................................................................76 2.1.2.1 Mount Carmel: the Interpretatio Graeca of a Semitic Sanctuary........78 2.2 The Seleucid Rule of the Jews and the Hellenistic Reform of Jerusalem..........81 2.3 Evidence of a Seleucid Mint in Jerusalem? ........................................................87 3 2.4 The Bestowal of the Right to Mint Coins upon the Jews: the Literary Evidence...89 2.5 The Hasmonaean Coinage...................................................................................95 The Lily/Rose ................................................................................................97 The Cornucopia with the Pomegranate ........................................................98 2.5.1 Interaction between Jewish and Seleucid Coinage..................................100 2.5.2 The Use of Languages and Scripts in Hasmonaean Coinage..................102 2.5.2.1 The Palaeo-Hebrew Script..............................................................103 2.5.2.2 The Greek Legends.........................................................................105 2.5.3 Sacred Iconography in Hasmonaean Coinage .........................................108 2.6 Concluding Remarks..........................................................................................110 PART 2 THE ROMAN PERIOD (40 BCE – C. 100 CE)..............................................113 CHAPTER 3: The Coinage of Herod the Great (40-4 BCE) ..........................................115 3.1 The Games of a Jewish King and Roman Ruler...............................................117 3.2 The Coinage of Herod the Great .......................................................................121 3.2.1 The Dated Coin Types..............................................................................123 3.2.1.1 Samaria, Kore and the Poppy .........................................................124 3.2.1.2 The Tripod of Whose Apollo?........................................................130 3.2.1.3 The Pilos of the Dioscurids or the Helmet of Herod?....................138 3.3 The Undated Coin Types...................................................................................145 3.3.1 The Three-legged Table............................................................................146 3.3.2 The Eagle ..................................................................................................152 3.3.3 The Caduceus / the Facing Cornucopiae with Caduceus ........................153 3.4 Concluding Remarks..........................................................................................155 CHAPTER 4: The Coinage of the Later Herodian Rulers (4 BCE-100 CE) ..................159 4.1 The Roman Imperial Ruler Cult in Palestine ....................................................161 4.2 Herod Archelaus (4 BCE-6 CE)........................................................................167 4.2.1 The Depiction of the Grapes: the Image of the Golden Vine?................169 4.2.2 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................172 4.3 Herod Antipas (4 BCE-39 CE)..........................................................................174 4.4 Herod Philip (4 BCE-34 CE).............................................................................176 4.4.1 The Temple of Roma and Augustus.........................................................179 4 4.4.2 Livia, Julia Augusta and Demeter Karpophoros......................................184 4.4.3 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................191 4.5 Agrippa I (37-44 CE).........................................................................................192 4.5.1 Sacred Images ...........................................................................................194 4.5.2 Iconographic Traditions............................................................................202 4.5.3 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................208 4.6 Agrippa II (c. 53-100 CE)..................................................................................209 4.6.1 The Coinage of Agrippa II .......................................................................210 4.6.1.1 Problems concerning the Dates and Mints of Agrippa’s Coinage 211 4.6.1.2 Gods, Deities and Pagan Iconography............................................216 4.6.2 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................220 PART 3: THE JEWISH WARS AGAINST ROME .......................................................223 CHAPTER 5: The Coins of the Bellum Judaicum (66-70 CE).......................................225 5.1 The Chronology of the First Jewish War ..........................................................226 5.2 The Coinage of the First Jewish War ................................................................230 5.2.1 The Dates and the Script...........................................................................232 5.2.2 YRWŠLM QDŠH and Tyrou Hieras .......................................................234 5.2.3 Zion ...........................................................................................................239 5.2.4 The Symbolic Value of the Palaeo-Hebrew Script..................................240 5.3 The Coin Iconography .......................................................................................241 5.3.1 The Cup/Chalice .......................................................................................242 5.3.2 The Amphora ............................................................................................248 5.3.3 The Vine....................................................................................................250 5.3.4 The Pomegranate ......................................................................................251 5.3.5 The Four Species ......................................................................................253 5.3.6 The Palm Tree with Baskets.....................................................................254 5.4 Who Were the Minting Authorities?.................................................................257 CHAPTER 6: The Bar Kokhba War (132-135 CE) ........................................................263 6.1 The Second Jewish War in Ancient Literature .................................................264 6.2 The Bar Kokhba Coinage ..................................................................................266