SEQ 5686 JOB VASC-000-007 PAGE-0001 COVER PAGES REVISED 21JUL00 AT 12:54 BY BC DEPTH: 60 PICAS WIDTH 44 PICAS COLOR LEVEL 1 The Vascular Plants of British Columbia Part 3 - Dicotyledons (Primulaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes edited by George W. Douglas1, Gerald B. Straley2 and Del Meidinger3 1 George Douglas 2 Gerald Straley 3 Del Meidinger 6200 North Road Botanical Garden Research Branch R.R.#2 University of British Columbia B.C. Ministry of Forests Duncan, B.C. V9L1N9 6804 S.W. Marine Drive 31 Bastion Square Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 Victoria, B.C. V8W 3E7 August 1991 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Vascular plants of British Columbia (Special report series, ISSN 0843-6452 ; no. 3) ‘‘With the cooperation of the Royal British Columbia Museum and the Botanical Garden, University of British Columbia.’’ Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: Pt. 3. Dicotyledons (Primulaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes ISBN 0-7718-8757-4 (set). -- ISBN 0-7718-8760-4 (pt. 3) 1. Gymnosperms. 2. Dicotyledons - British Columbia. 3. Pteridophyta - British Columbia. 4. Monocotyledons - British Columbia. 5. Botany - British Columbia. I. Douglas, George W., 1938- . II. Straley, Gerald Bane, 1945- . III. Meidinger, Dellis Vern, 1953- . IV. British Columbia. Ministry of Forests. V. Royal British Columbia Museum. VI. University of British Columbia. Botanical Garden. VII. Title: Dicotyledons (Primulaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes. VIII. Series: Special report series (British Columbia. Ministry of Forests) ; no. 3. QK203.B7V37 1989 581.9711 C89-092095-8 1991 Province of British Columbia Published by the Forest Science Research Branch Ministry of Forests 31 Bastion Square Victoria, B.C. V8W 3E7 Copies of this and other Ministry of Forests titles are available from Crown Publications Inc., 546 Yates Street, Victoria, B.C. V8W 1K8. SEQ 6301 JOB VASC-000-009 PAGE-0002 COVER PAGES REVISED 31JUL00 AT 12:01 BY BC DEPTH: 60 PICAS WIDTH 40 PICAS COLOR LEVEL 1 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA edited by George W. Douglas, Gerald B. Straley and Del Meidinger Part 3 - Dicotyledon (Primulaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes Contributors: Dr. E.R. Alverson, Department of Botany, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR - Cryptogramma Dr. G.W. Argus, Botany Division, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, ON - Salicaceae Dr. J. Beitel, New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY - Huperzia Dr. A. Ceska, Botany Division, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC - Pteridophytes Dr. G.W. Douglas, Douglas Ecological Consultants Ltd., Duncan, BC - Ranunculaceae through Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Santalaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Scrophulariaceae (except Pedicularis, Penstemon, and Ver- onica), Thymelaeaceae through Verbenaceae and Zygophyllaceae Dr. J.G. Packer, Department of Botany, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB - Saxifragaceae and Violaceae Dr. G.B. Straley, Botanical Garden, University of BC, Vancouver, BC - Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Pedicularis, Penstemon, and Veronica Mrs. T.A. Suttill, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC - Primulaceae With the cooperation of the Royal British Columbia Museum and the Botanical Garden, University of British Columbia. SEQ 5688 JOB VASC-001-015 PAGE-0001 TOC REVISED 21JUL00 AT 12:54 BY BC DEPTH: 62 PICAS WIDTH 44 PICAS COLOR LEVEL 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 Format ............................................................................... 1 Data Base ............................................................................ 3 Taxonomic Concepts ................................................................... 3 DICOTYLEDONS (PRIMULACEAE THROUGH ZYGOPHYLLACEAE) ........................... 4 PTERIDOPHYTES ......................................................................... 111 EQUISETOPSIDA ..................................................................... 113 LYCOPODOPSIDA .................................................................... 116 PTEROPSIDA ......................................................................... 121 REFERENCES ............................................................................ 139 EXCLUDED SPECIES ..................................................................... 154 INDEX .................................................................................... 159 ERRATA - PARTS 1 AND 2 ................................................................. 176 v SEQ 5689 JOB VASC-001-015 PAGE-0002 TOC REVISED 21JUL00 AT 12:54 BY BC DEPTH: 62 PICAS WIDTH 40 PICAS COLOR LEVEL 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Dr. G.A. Allen for providing valuable suggestions during the initial stages of the project. Thanks are also due to Drs. T.C. Brayshaw, D.M. Britton, K.W. Nicholls, W.H. Wagner, and A.R. Smith for reviewing taxonomically difficult groups. Dr. A. Ceska also provided valuable comments on a number of taxa. Dr. J. Pojar and Mr. A. MacKinnon kindly reviewed the entire manuscript. Louise Gronmyr typed most of the contributions and helped in many ways in the production of the final manuscript which was typeset by Beth Collins. Denise Manning proofed the final document. We are thankful to the curators and staff of the following institutions for allowing us to study their collections and use their facilities: National Herbarium, National Museums, Ottawa (CAN); Herbarium, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria (V); Vascular Plant Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa (DAO); Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (UBC); Herbarium, Department of Biology, University of Victoria (UVIC); Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Toronto (TRT). iv SEQ 6168 JOB VASC-002-012 PAGE-0001 COMMON NAMES REVISED 31JUL00 AT 08:32 BY BC DEPTH: 62 PICAS WIDTH 44 PICAS COLOR LEVEL 1 INTRODUCTION This manual describes all of the flowering plants and vascular cryptogams, both native and naturalized, occurring within the borders of British Columbia. Keys are included for all genera, species, subspecies and varieties. The study is based on examination of specimens in all major Canadian herbaria and some US herbaria (e.g., UC, CAS, WTU), as well as a complete review of the pertinent literature. Species not represented by a herbarium collection have been placed in an excluded list (see Appendix). Many of these were incorrectly assumed, by American authors, to range into Canada. These species were often taken up by Taylor and MacBryde (1977). We have also excluded species that are known from only a few collections taken more than 40 years ago. FORMAT The manual will be published in four parts Ð Part 1 includes Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons [Aceraceae through Cucurbitaceae]; Part 2 contains Dicotyledons [Diapensiaceae through Portulacaceae]; Part 3 includes Dicotyledons [Primulaceae through Zygophyllaceae] and Pteridophytes; and Part 4 will include the Monocotyledons. We plan to publish all four parts as a single volume. The floristic treatment is in alphabetical order by families, genera and species since most of our users may not be familiar with the more traditional ``Englerian system''. These users (e.g., foresters, wildlife specialists, park managers, amateur naturalists, students, etc.) often require specific information about a species. Thus we have attempted to included the most frequently required information. This includes the following: Synonyms: Synonyms are given only when there are references in major floristic treatments to a given species by another name or names. Common Names: A common name for each species is included. These are based mainly on names appearing most commonly in the Western North American literature. Habitat and Moisture Regime: A brief description of a species habitat preference, including moisture regime, is given. The latter uses a simple (wet - moist - mesic - dry) scale. Vegetation Zones: The elevational limits of a species are presented using vegetation zones. The zonal system used here, unlike some of the more localized zonation systems (Krajina 1965; Rowe 1959, 1972; Franklin and Dyrness 1973), has wide application in the northern hemisphere and differs only slightly from that proposed by Dansereau (1975) and Meusel et al. (1965) and recommended by LÈove (1970) in a review of the subject. The montane zone includes all continuous forests in British Columbia except for the coastal lowlands and some islands which are included in the lowland zone. The upper forests in southern British Columbia, included by some local ecologists (e.g., Krajina 1965) in the subalpine zone, is considered the upper montane zone in this work. The subalpine zone is defined as that area above the montane zone and below the upper limit of conifers as an upright tree form (Douglas 1972). In the southern part of the province, subalpine vegetation consists of a meadow/tree-clump complex (Douglas 1971, 1972), while in the northern part of the province the subalpine zone is dominated by tall shrubs (mainly three- to four-metre Salix) and scattered trees (Douglas 1974, Krajina 1975). Above the subalpine zone is the alpine zone where trees occur only in krummholz (or dwarfed) form and the vegetation is extremely short (less than one metre) and commonly referred to as alpine tundra (Krajina 1969, Douglas 1972, Douglas and Bliss 1977). The steppe vegetation zone (Daubenmire