The Persian Empire and the Unification of China Chapter 4 Sections 3 & 4 Chapter 4 Section 3 The Persian Empire The Rise of Persia ■ Assyrians used force to control ■ Persians used tolerance and diplomacy ■ Persia is in Present-day Iran The Persian Homeland ■ Dozens of kingdoms ■ Two major powers emerged: Medes and Persians ■ King Cyrus lead the Persians to overthrow the Medes (550 b.c.) Cyrus the Great Founds an Empire ■ Military genius ■ Honored local customs and religions ■ Allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem ❑ Jews rebuilt their city and temple Persian Rule ■ 530 B.C. Cyrus dies Cyrus the Great (559-529 BC) "I am Cyrus, who founded the empire of the Persians. Grudge me not therefore, this little earth that covers my body." Tomb of Cyrus II of Persia at Pasargadae, Iran. Cambyses and Darius ■ Cambyses takes over Egypt. ❑ Was he like Cyrus to the Egyptian people? ■ Destroyed Egyptian culture and religious idols. Cambyses and Darius Continued ■ 522 B.C, with the help of the Ten Thousand Immortals, Darius seizes control ■ He brought peace to the empire then focused on extending the empire Immortals The 'Immortals', is the Greek term for the elite of the Persian army. They were hand picked for their bravery and so rewarded. Their name came from the way their number never fell below ten thousand. The division was always kept up to full strength, retired or fallen soldiers were always replaced. In this way their strength was always 10,000 men, never more or never less. Entry to the ranks of the Immortals was restricted to those with Persian, Mede or Elamite ancestory. Provinces and Satraps (Ways rule was kept) ■ Darius split expanding empire into 20 provinces ■ Allowed people to keep their cultural traditions in place Provinces and Satraps Continued ■ A satrap: governor who kept local rule ■ a military leader and tax collector were appointed to each province ■ System of roads were put in place; allowed for quicker communication ■ Coins were used to promote trade The Royal Road ■ Ran from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia ■ 1,677 miles long ■ Relay stations had fresh horses for kings messengers ■ Took them 7 days to travel the entire road system ■ Caravans took up to three months The body of the king of kings was balmed, placed in a coffin and transported to Naqs-I Rustam, (by Persepolis) where his tomb had been prepared a long time ago. Darius' eunuch, Bagapates, had guarded Darius' tomb for seven years before the great king died, which suggests that it was finished in 493. The body of the king of kings was embalmed, placed in a coffin and transported to Naqs-I Rustam, (by Persepolis) where his tomb had been prepared a long time ago. Darius' eunuch, Bagapates, had guarded Darius' tomb for seven years before the great king died, which suggests that it was finished in 493. The Persian Legacy ■ Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism was founded in the 6th century BC by the Persian prophet Zoroaster; at the time of Buddha. It was the official religion of the Persian Empire until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 AD... if the battles at Marathon and Salamis would have been won by the Persians, today we would have probably in the Western civilization Zoroastrianism, instead of Christianity... finally the Muslims defeated them in the 7th century AD. The Zoroastrians were scattered, and today there are left 115,000 around Bombay, in India, and 7,000 in the United States. Zoroastrianism was thus the first to teach clearly the doctrines of an individual judgment, Heaven and Hell, the future resurrection of the body, the general Last Judgment, and life everlasting for the reunited soul and body. These doctrines were to become familiar articles of faith to much of mankind, through borrowings by Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Zoroaster’s Teachings ■ Earth is a battleground where everyone must partake in the fight with good and evil. ■ Ahura Mazda is the one god ■ Judges how one fights for the battle of good ■ 600’s religion declined Political Order ■ Persian tolerance and good government brought political rest to Southwest Asia. UNIFICATION OF CHINA Chapter 4 section 4 KEY TERMS ⦿ Confucius ⦿ I Ching ⦿ Filial piety ⦿ Yin and yang ⦿ Bureaucracy ⦿ Qin Dynasty ⦿ Daoism ⦿ Shi Huangdi ⦿ Legalism ⦿ Autocracy CONFUCIUS AND SOCIAL ORDER ⦿ China’s most influential scholar ⦿ Zhou Dynasty ⦿ Desire to restore order ⦿ Led a scholarly life CONFUCIUS AND THE SOCIAL ORDER ⦿ Five relationships ◼ 1 ruler and subject ◼ 2 father and son ◼ 3 husband and wife ◼ 4 older brother and younger brother ◼ 5 friend and friend ◼ Code of conduct regulated relationships ◼ Loyal and law abiding CONFUCIUS AND THE SOCIAL ORDER ⦿ 3 relationships based on family ⦿ Filial piety-respect for parents and ancestors ◼ Devoting ones self to their parents and ancestors ◼ Honoring their memories after death CONFUCIUS AND THE SOCIAL ORDER ⦿ Govern wisely ⦿ Confucius overwhelmed people ◼ With kindness ◼ Courtesy ◼ Crime vanished overnight ⦿ Analects-Confucius words in a book CONFUCIUS IDEAS ABOUT GOVERNMENT • Education – From humbly born to gentleman • Bureaucracy-a trained civil service who ran the government • Confucianism- never a religion • Foundation of government and order OTHER ETHICAL SYSTEMS ⦿ Daoists- natural order involves relationships with all living things ⦿ Laozi- founder ⦿ Doa- means the way ⦿ Only humans fail to follow ⦿ Argue about right and wrong ⦿ Daoism-philosophy of Laozi LEGALISTS URGE HARSH RULE ⦿ Legalism founders- Hanfeizi and Li Si ⦿ Highly efficient and powerful government is the way ⦿ Ruler should provide rich rewards for good ⦿ Harsh punishment for bad LEGALISTS URGE HARSH RULE ⦿ Control both ideas and actions ⦿ Burn books that criticizezcriticisms ⦿ Prince to rule, people to obey THE QIN DYNASTY UNIFIES CHINA rd ⦿ Qin Dynasty-3 century BC ⦿ 221 BC ⦿ Shi Huangdi-first emperor began reign ⦿ Fought invaders doubled China’s size ⦿ Crushed political opposition THE QIN DYNASTY UNIFIES CHINA • Commanded all noble families to live in the capitol • Uprooted 120,000 families • Seized their land • Made 36 administrative district • Li Su murdered Confucian scholars THE QIN DYNASTY UNIFIES CHINA ⦿ Practical books ◼ About medicine ◼ Farming saved ⦿ Autocracy-a government who has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner PROGRAM OF SEPARATION ⦿ Built 4000 miles of roads ⦿ Set standards for ◼ Writing ◼ Law ◼ Currency ◼ Weights and measures ⦿ Irrigation increased ⦿ Trade blossomed A PROGRAM OF CENTRALIZTION ⦿ Harsh taxes ⦿ Repressive government ⦿ Unpopular ⦿ Shi Huangdi – unification expense freedom GREAT WALL OF CHINA ⦿ Scholars and the poor hated Shi Huangdi ⦿ Forced to work on defensive wall ⦿ Hundreds of thousands to build ⦿ Work on the wall or die ⦿ Harsh coonditions THE FALL OF THE QIN ⦿ Second Qin Emperor ⦿ Peasants rebelled ⦿ Marched to capitol 202 BC ⦿ Han Dynasty started ⦿ One of the longest.