1 | Page CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 What is referencing and why do we need it? ....................................................................................................... 6 General Rules ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Quoting and paraphrasing: what’s the difference? ........................................................................................... 7 In-text citations .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Number of authors/No authors ......................................................................................................................... 9 Place of publication .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Date of publication ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Titles of books and other texts ......................................................................................................................... 12 Editions and reprints ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Page numbers................................................................................................................................................... 13 Appendices ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Frequently asked questions ................................................................................................................................. 15 What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? ............................................................. 15 How do I cite several works published by the same author in different years? .............................................. 15 How do I cite several works produced by the same author in the same year? ............................................... 15 Can I include several sources in the same citation? ......................................................................................... 16 Are citations included in my word count? ....................................................................................................... 16 How do I cite and reference confidential information? ................................................................................... 16 Can I use abbreviations (e.g. corporate authors)? ........................................................................................... 18 How do i reference one author’s work found in another author’s work (Secondary Referencing)? ............... 18 Advertisements .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Print .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Broadcast ......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Online ............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Artwork (including figures and online images) ................................................................................................... 22 Painting, Photograph, Sculpture, Engraving etc. exhibited in a gallery or collection ...................................... 22 Painting, Photograph, Sculpture, Engraving etc. reproduced in a book (print) ............................................... 23 Painting, Photograph, Sculpture, Engraving etc. viewed online ...................................................................... 24 painting, photograph, sculpture, engraving etc. created by yourself .............................................................. 25 photograph in an archive ................................................................................................................................. 25 Performance art ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Books – Print and Electronic ................................................................................................................................ 27 Books - Edited................................................................................................................................................... 28 Books - Edited book Chapter ............................................................................................................................ 29 2 | Page Books - Foreign language & Translated ............................................................................................................ 30 Books - Introduction, foreword, afterword in a book ...................................................................................... 32 Books - Republished ......................................................................................................................................... 33 British and International Standards .................................................................................................................... 34 Calendar of State Papers ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Citing yourself ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 CLARCS Packs/Moodle links ................................................................................................................................ 36 Computer GAmes/Programs ............................................................................................................................... 38 Communications .................................................................................................................................................. 39 Personal conversation ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Email ................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Letter (personal) ............................................................................................................................................... 40 Letter (from an archive) ................................................................................................................................... 40 Interview – personal & Radio/Television broadcast ........................................................................................ 41 Skype ................................................................................................................................................................ 42 Telephone call .................................................................................................................................................. 43 Company/Annual and Market Research Reports ............................................................................................... 43 Company/Annual Reports ................................................................................................................................ 43 Market Research Reports ................................................................................................................................. 44 Conference Papers ............................................................................................................................................... 45 Conference Papers - available online but not included in proceedings ........................................................... 46 Conference Proceedings ...................................................................................................................................... 46 Films ..................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Films - Broadcast on television ......................................................................................................................... 47 Films - DVD ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 Films - Additional/Bonus material - DVD.......................................................................................................... 49 Films - Online archive of off-air recordings (i.e Box of Broadcasts) ................................................................. 50 Government/Official