Notes 1 World History and Central Asia - Time, Place and People 1. Joseph Fletcher, 'A Bibliography ofthe Publications ofJoseph Fletcher', Haruardfoumal oj Asiatic Studies, Vol. 46, no. 2,June 1986, pp . 7-10. 2. Robert Delort, Le Commerce desFourrures en Occident aLa fin du Moyen Age, 2 Vols., Ecole Francaise de Rome, Rome, 1978. 3. Sylvain Bensidoun, Samarcandeet La valliedu Zerafshan, Anthropos, Paris, 1979. 4. Arminius Vambery, Sketches oj Central Asia, Allen, London, 1868. 5. Eden Naby, 'The Uzbeks in Afghanistan', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 3, no. 1, 1984, pp. 1-21. 6. Martha Brill Olcott, The Kazakhs, Hoover, Stanford, California, 1987. 7. Joseph Fletcher, 'Ch'ing Inner Asia c.1800', in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978, pp. 33-106, especially pp. 62-9. 8. L. N. Gumilev, Searches Jor an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend oj the Kingdom oj PresterJohn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. 9. Sechin Jagchid, Paul Hyer, Mongolia's Culture and Society, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1979; Elizabeth E. Bacon, Central Asians under Russian Rule, Cornell, Ithaca, New York, 1966. 10. John Masson Smith, 'Mongol and Nomadic Taxation', Haroard joumal oj Asiatic Studies, Vol. 30, 1970, pp. 46-85. II. Joseph Fletcher, 'Blood Tanistry: Authority and Succession in the Ottoman, Indian Muslim and later Chinese Empires', The Conference for the Theory ofDemocracy and Popular Participation, Bellagio , 1978. 12. Ludwig W. Adamec (ed .) , Historical and Political Gazetteer ojAJghanistan, Vol. 3, Herat and Northwestern AJghanistan, Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 1975. 13. Firdausi, Thelipicofthe Kings, Shah-Nama, Reuben Levy (trns.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1965. 14. Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and theWheel, Harvard, Cambridge, Mass., 1975. 2 Central Asia and Temporary World Institutions 1. Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language. The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, Cape, London, 1987; Marija Gimburtas, 'Accounting for a great change', Times Literary Supplement,June 24-30, 1988, pp. 71-j. 2. Owen Lattimore, 'La Civilisation, mere de Barberie', Annales, Economies, Societes, Civilisations, 17:1,Jan-Feb. 1962, pp. 95-106. , 3. Philip L. Kohl, Central Asia:Palaeolithic Beginnings totheIronAge,Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, 1984, p. 241. 253 254 Notes 4. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, p. 12; A. L. Basham, The Wonder that was India, Grove, New York, 1954, p. 233. 5. Jack Goody, The Interface between the Written and the Oral; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. 6. David N. Keightley (ed.), The Origins ofthe Chinese Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983. 7. Henri Goblot, 'Dans L'Ancien ,Iran, Les Techniques de L'Eau et La Grande Historie', Annales, Economies, Societes, Civilisations, 18:3, May-June 1963, pp. 499-520. 8. Bulliet, The Camel and the Whee~ Harvard, Cambridge, Mass., 1975, pp. 141-75. 9. Kohl, Central Asia, pp. 241-2. 10. Mary Boyce, A History of ZOroastrianism, Vol. I, The Early Period, Brill, Leiden, 1975, p. 190; Vol. II, Under the Achaemenians, Brill, Leiden, 1982, pp.I-3. 11. Boyce, Vol. I, p. 22. 12. L. N. Gumilev, Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. pp. 260-82. 13. Jean Doresse , The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics, Hollis & Carter, London, 1960; R. L. Gordon, 'Mithraism and Roman Society: Social factors in the explanation of religious changes in the Roman Emp ire', Religion, Vol. 2, 1972, pp. 92-119; R. Beck, 'Mithraism since Franz Cumont', Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt, II, 16, 4, Berlin, 1984, pp . 2002-115. 14. Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, A Historical Survey, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1985. 15. R. C. Zaehner, Zurvan, A Zoroastrian Dilemma, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955; Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. V, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Inven­ tion: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980, pp. 210-79. 16. Samuel N. C. Lieu , 'Captives, Refugees and Exiles. A Study of Cross­ Frontier Civilian Movements and Contacts between Rome and Persia from Valerian to Jovian', Philip Freeman, David Kennedy (eds.), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East, B. A. R., Oxford, 1986, pp. 475-505. 17. Pierre Brian t, L ~sie Centrale et Us Royaumes Proche-Orientaux du Premiere Millenaire (c. VIlle _ Ne siecles avant notre ere),Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, 1984, p. 7. 18. N. G. Gorbunova, The Culture ofAncientFerghana, B. A. R., Oxford, 1986, pp.22-3. 19. F. L. Holt, Alexander the Great and Bactria, Bril\, Leiden, 1988; Firdausi, The Epic of the Kings, Shah Nama, Reuben Levy (trns.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1965, pp . 229-50. 20. Amelie Kuhrt, Susan Sherwin-White (eds) , Hellenism in the East, Univer­ sity of California Press, Berkeley, 1987, pp. 6-7. 21. Donald W. Engels, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Army, Univer­ sity of California Press, Berkely, 1978. Notes 255 22. Claude Levi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970, pp.516-19. 23. E. Zurcher, The Buddhist Conquest ofChina, 2 Vols., Brill, Leiden, 1989; Zenryu Tsukamoto, A History ofEarly Chinese Buddhism from its introduc­ tion to the death ofHui-yuan. Kodansha, Toyko, 1985. 24. Liu Ming-wood, 'The ran-chiao system of the Hua-yen school in Chinese Buddhism', T'oung-pao, Vol. LXVII, 1-2, 1981, pp. 10-47. 25. J . Needham, Lu Guei-djen, Trans-Pacific Echoesand Resonances, Listening Once Again, World Scientific, Singapore and Philadelphia, 1985. 26. Edward H. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1963; Christopher J. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987. 27. R. de Rotours, Lin Lu-tche; Le Regne de L 'Empereus Hiuan-Tsong (713-756), Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, Paris, 1981, pp . 331-2, 415-16. 28. Patricia Crone, Martin Hinds, God's Caliph, Religious Authority in theFirst Centuries ofIslam, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. 29. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, p. 39. 30. Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses. the Evolution of the Islamic Polity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980; Daniel Pipes, Slave Sol­ diers in Islam. The Genesis ofa Military System, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981. Denis Sinor (ed.), The CambridgeHistory ofEarly InnerAsia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. 31. Omeljan Pritsak, 'The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion toJudaism', Stud­ ies in Medieval Eurasian History, Variorum, London, 1981, pp. 271-8. 32. Aziz S. Atiya, A History ofEastern Christianity, Methuen, London, 1981, pp . 260-2. • 33. Jacques Bureau, 'L 'Espace Politique Ethiopien', Annates, Economies, Soaites, Civilisations, 40:6, Nov.-Dec. 1985, pp. 1379-93, p. 1393. 34. Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, R. E. Latham (trns.) , Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1958, pp. 271-2. 35. Atiya, A History ofEastern Christianity pp. 265-6; P. Y.Sacki, The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China, Toyko , 1951. 36. Charles Hartman, Han YU and the Tang Search for Unity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1986. 3 The Mongolian Explosion and the Basic Information Circuit, 1200-1300 1. Ruth Wilton Dunnell, Tanguts and the Tangut State ofTa Hsia, Princeton, New Jersey, 1985; Herbert Franke, 'The Forest Peoples of Manchuria: Kitans and Jurchen', 1991, Sinor, The Cambridge History ofEarly Inner Asia, pp. 400-23; Taojing-shen. TheJurchen in Twelfth-Century China, A Study in Sinicization, University of Washington, Seattle, 1976. 2. Paul Kahn, The Secret History ofthe Mongols, North Point, San Francisco, 1984. 3. L. N. Gumilev, Searchesfor an Imaginary Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 221-43. 4. Karl A. Wittfogel, Feng Chia-sheng, History of Chinese Society: Liao 256 Notes (907-1125), American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1949, pp.650-5. 5. Ata-malikJuvaini, The History ofthe World Conqueror,John Andrew Boyle (tr.), 2 Vols., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1958, I, pp.77-128. 6. Juvaini, Vol. I., pp. 130-78, Vol. II, pp. 896-911. 7. juvaini, vol. I., p. 131. 8. Viscount Montgomery ofAlamein, A ConciseHistory ofWarfare, Collins, London, 1972,pp. 13, 117-22. 9. Ellsworth Huntington, Pulse ofAsia, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1917; Mainsprings of Civilisation, Wiley, New York, 1945. 10. Wittfogel and Feng, General Introduction; Karl A. Wittfogel, China und die Osteuraisische Kauallerie Revolution, Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden, 1978; Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1957. 1I. Wittfogel and Feng, p. 533. 12. Wittfogel and Feng, p. 507. 13. John Masson Smith, 'Ayn Jalut: Mamluk Success or Mongol Failure', HarvardJournal ofAsiatic Studies, Vol. 44, 1984, pp. 307-45. 14. Juvaini, The History ofthe World Conqueror, Vol. I., p. 162. 15. V. V. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion; Probsthaine, London, 1928. 16. Thomas J. Alison, Mongolian Imperialism, The Policies of the Grand Qan Mongkein China, Russia and the Islamic Lands, 1251-1259, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1987. 17. John D. Langlois (ed.), China under Mongol Rule, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NewJersey, 1981; Morris Rossabi, Khubilai Khan. His Life and Times, University of California, Berkeley, 1988. 18. Marc Gaborieau, 'Les Oulernasy Sufis dans L'Inde Moghol: Anthropologie Historique de