International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.7, Issue-1, January, 2020 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] Occupational Diversification in Andhra Pradesh: A Case Study of Two villages Pothunuru and Malkapuram in West Godavari District Dr. A. Srinivasa Rao, Post-doctoral Fellow, School of Economics, University of Hyderabad Abstract: This study conducted in the village Pothunuru in Denduluru mandal and Malkapuram in Eluru rural these villages are located in agriculturally developed District West Godavari. In total households of the village 35 percent of agricultural workers and 35 percent of nonfarm workers households are taken into study. Agricultural workers are treated as agricultural cultivators and labour. Non-farm workers are divided in to traditional nonfarm and modern nonfarm workers. Pothunuru village total population is 7177, in these 3634 are non-workers and 3543 are workers. Wage employs, self-employs and entrepreneurs point of view, in this village, no wage workers. All most all are self-employs 40 (100) and there is no entrepreneurs. Malkapuram total population is 3461, in these non-workers are 1990 and workers are 1471. Total male workers 209941 (62 %) and non-workers are 13057 (38 %). In female 11199 (32 %) are workers and 23374 (68%) are non-workers. Male agricultural workers (main+marginal) are 10251 (49) and household industry workers are 261 (1.2) in the same way female agricultural workers are 838 (7.5) and household industry workers are 317 (2.8). In agricultural and household industry point of view, agricultural workers are higher than household industry workers in both male and female. Primary and secondary data also use to collect the data. This study explains rural people and their occupation diversified their occupations from farm to nonfarm because of some factors like education, caste, gender, age and assets. This study focused on selected households’ of the two villages diversification from farm to non- farm and its reasons. Key words: Education, Gender, Income, Rural non-farm, Occupational diversification Introduction suggestions have given by this study how they can improve their livelihoods. Rural Development is necessary to the country development especially India Objectives: because it is rural society. Rural society drawbacks are low literacy or illiterates 1) To come across Agricultural state of are high. Most of the rural people are affairs in the selected villages Pothunuru depends upon agricultural sector, but and Malkauram agricultural is depend upon rains. Because all most all rural people depends 2) To inspect Determinants aspect of upon agriculture but it is not giving full Non-farm in chosen villages Pothunuru employment to all. Rural people are and Malkapuram landless people, low educates, no skills. Hypothesis: This study focus is on rural people livelihood and their life style. Some www.ijar.org.in 73 International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.7, Issue-1, January, 2020 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] 1) In workers engage, most of workers between poverty and diversification. This are engage in Agricultural sector than study was conducted in India based on Non-farm sector the National Sample Survey. Casual labour, wage and self-employs are three 2) Education important factor to decide types of non-farm employs NSS data from occupation 1983-2005 were taken to analyze rural poverty and diversification. Regular non- Methodology: In total non-farm farm characters are low education, social households of the village 35% of the status, wealth are not good except high households are selected from each caste consumption levels. But self-employs of of that particular village. non-farm diversify in character. Here, policy makers when making policies Research Questions: concentrate on poverty eradication 1. Rural workers move from agricultural through non-farm development. To to non-agriculture? promote non-farm better to remove barriers to enter in to non-farm. Not only 2 Structural changes occur in villages increase income levels but also fight with also? poverty. Diana Traikova (2005), in her 3. Non-farm generates factors? study conducted in Bulgaria, the diversification incomes in rural Bulgaria. Review of Literature For this study, 120 households has been taken basically this is the gender study. Macherla Prasadarao (2002) Male and female participation is very studied in Andhra Pradesh two village different in non-agricultural activity. So i.e., Anandapuram and Veeravalli. He is many female labour are engage in service trying to say about relation of non-farm sector but in the case of male; they are in withfarm, land size, land productivity, constructing work. Main occupation the education, age, caste and season in the Bulgaria is agricultural sector. Lastly, agriculture (khariff and rabi), migratoin. found there no differences between man Moreover, agricultural growth linkage or and woman in work participation. distress diversification with non-farm Women have constrains to do some jobs, also discussed.Both villages social restrictions so most of the female (Anandapuram and Veeravalli), one is are participating in service sector. agriculturally developed and other one is Reardon, Tom. (1997), examines agriculturally backward village. In his the priority of education as a determinant results, education has positive impact, of Rural Non-farm (RNF). Rural land size is negative impact, caste is industrialization in Asia and skill negative impact, agricultural seasons acquisition in Taiwan Province of China impact on non-farm. Migration positive and the Republic of Korea are explained impact on non-farm. Either positive or in this study. In cash-cropping zones, negative in the case of, caste, skills, poor high investment was kept for farmers on or non-poor. education, especially for poor households. Data was taken for 1980s and 1990s in Lanjouw, Peter Rinku Murgai different countries. Educated people can (2008), attempts to explore relationship www.ijar.org.in 74 International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.7, Issue-1, January, 2020 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] have chance to get non-farm job than low scale firms, rural non-farm enterprises, educated people. off-farm work for farm households. Rural non-farm activities may significantly Beneria, Lourdes (2003), study improve the incomes of low income farm concentrated on work difference between families by increasing opportunities for men and women. Female are more off-farm work like Taiwanese. It is not obligations than male, she engage in un- exactly clear what needs small firms have paid work. (for example, child care, house and how public policy should best address management). The obstacles of the them. The dynamic effects on the farm women are in the manner of labour force sector also need to be better understood. participation, paid employment in both Japan’s experience suggests an emerging farm and non-farm. Non-markets are dilemma when increased part-time leading to low earning, low paid, unstable farming is associated with a decline in and poor quality employment. For agricultural productivity and farm work economic growth and human is increasingly performed by women, development long run gender inequalities children and old people, while young men are not good. Slowly the women fertility work in off-farm jobs. A strategy rate and participating in unpaid work involving small-scale farms and large also decreasing day to day. amounts of off-farm work carried the risk of an unproductive agriculture. Too many RubenR. and Marrit, V. D. Berg labour surplus countries, however, (2001), examines the Honduras non-farm appear to have ignored the successful income the study is based on the national experience of some Asian countries and income and expenditure survey from thereby have failed to achieve balanced 1993 to 1994. Non-farm wage, labour is growth. Economic problems at this stage geographically concentrated in small in the development of many low-income rural towns and in the industrial free countries require abandoning the large- zones located in the Northern region. scale, capital-intensive bias, and Household is a complex farm unit, the substituting increased attention on small- consumer unit. Agricultural and Natural scale farm and nonfarm firms. The office data has taken. Non-farm income is benefits would include increased coming from wage employment as well as employment, reduced chain on capital self-employment. Females are most likely and foreign exchange markets, and to be involved on self-employment, while improved interpersonal and interregional better educated persons tend toward non- income distribution. farm wage employment. But when making policies concentrate on education Remco H.Oostendorp,R, H Tran and training programmes. Q, Trung, Nguyen T, Tung (2006),this study conducted in Vietnam. Saying Richard L. Meyer and Donald W. about non-farm household enterprises it Larson (1978),studied RNFE in East is a low-productivity sector. But at the Asian countries. In the low income same time it is dynamic, flexible and are countries, the development depends upon innovative sector. This study collected capital intensive activities in both the information on income and how it can agricultural and non-agricultural sector. estimate income. They found that NFHE This study finds the importance of small- are importantfor income generate and to www.ijar.org.in 75 International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.7, Issue-1, January, 2020 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] reduce income inequality and income is concerned, promotion of male RNFAs, volatility. But it was affected by trade followed by increasing rural male liberalization. The role of the NFHE literacy, seems to be a better strategy of sector has been diminishing during the poverty alleviation in rural areas as period 1993-2002 in Vietnam according to compared to an increase in agricultural the logic of international comparative income and rural per capita public advantage. Policy makers have to target expenditure on rural development and appropriate policies to favouring NFHE.