1 Titel der Dissertation Constitutional Reform as a Means of Democratic Transformation in Sudan Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde An der Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft Der Universität Hamburg Vorgelegt von Name : Noha Ibrahim Abdelgabar Aus: ort: Sudan London, July 2014 2 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Rudiger Wolfrum Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter Wetzels Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 1 April 2014 3 List of Abbreviations: AU: African Union CAT: International Covenant Against Torture CC: Constitutional Court CCA: Constitutional Court Act CoM: Council of Ministers CPA: Comprehensive Peace Agreement DDR: Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration DOP: Declaration of Principles DUP: Democratic Unionist Party HCD: Higher Council FCCA: German Federal Constitutional Court Act FFAMC: Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission GoNU: Government of National Unity GoS: Government of Sudan GoSS: Government of Southern Sudan ICC: International Criminal Court ICCPR: International Convention on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights ICSS: Interim Constitution for Southern Sudan IDEA: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IDP: Internally Displaced People IGADD: Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development INC: Interim National Constitution JIU: Joint Integrated Unit LAD: Legal Aid Department of the National Ministry of Justice LRC: Law Reform Committee MDTF: Multi-Trust Fund MoJ: Ministry of Justice NCP: National Congress Party NCRC: National Constitutional Review Commission NDA: National Democratic Alliance NIF: National Islamic Front NJSC: National Judicial Service Commission NPC: National Petroleum Commission NRDF: National Reconstruction and Development Fund PDF: Popular Defense Forces PPS: Protocol of Power Sharing RoL: Rule of Law SAF: Sudan Armed Forces 4 SPLM/A: Sudan People's Movement Army UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN: United Nations UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UNMID: United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur UNMIS: United Nations Mission in Sudan UNISFA: UN Interim Security Force in Abyei 5 The Table of Contents THE TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... 5 SUMMARY OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY ................................. 14 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 14 I. Key Features of the State of Sudan .............................................................................................................. 14 II. The Aim of the Study ................................................................................................................................. 17 III. Main Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................................... 18 1) The Structure of the Political/Governance System in Sudan under the INC ..................................... 18 2) The Structure of the Legal System in Sudan under the INC .............................................................. 20 3) Legislative and Institutional Reforms and Practice of Constitutionalism under the INC .................. 21 2. Overview of the Study ................................................................................................................................... 22 I. Introductory Chapter: Overview of the Study .............................................................................................. 22 II. Chapter One: A Historical Background of Sudan’s North-South Conflict ................................................. 22 III. Chapter Two: The Structure of the Governance System under the INC ................................................... 22 IV. Chapter Three: The Structure of the Legal System under the INC ........................................................... 23 V. Chapter Four: Legislative and Institutional Reform: Practice of Constitutionalism .................................. 24 VI. Chapter Five: Post- Referendum Sudan .................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER ONE: A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SUDAN’S NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT ................................................................................................................... 25 PART I: THE ROOT CAUSES OF SUDAN’S NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT ........... 25 1. The Anglo-Egyptian Rule of Sudan ............................................................................................................ 25 2. The Failure to Address Questions of the Political System in Sudan ........................................................... 28 3. Economic Marginalization in Sudan ........................................................................................................... 30 4. The Relation between the Religion and the State in Sudan ......................................................................... 31 PART II: THE FIRST SUDAN’S NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT: 1955-1972 ............ 33 1. The First Sudan’s North-South Conflict: 1955-1972 ............................................................................. 33 6 2. End of Sudan‘s First North-South Conflict: The Addis Ababa Agreement, 1972 .................................. 36 PART III: THE SECOND SUDAN’S NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT: 1983-2005 ...... 38 1. The Second Sudan’s North-South Conflict: 1983-2005 .............................................................................. 38 2. End of Sudan’s Second North-South Conflict: Various Peace Initiatives ................................................... 39 PART IV. THE COMPREHENSIVE PEACE AGREEMENT 2005 (CPA) ................ 43 1. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 (CPA) ............................................................................... 43 a. The Power Sharing Protocol ................................................................................................................... 44 b. The Wealth Sharing Protocol ................................................................................................................. 45 c. The Machakos Protocol .......................................................................................................................... 46 d. The Protocol on the Resolution of Conflict in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile States ....................... 46 e. The Protocol on the Resolution of Conflict in Abyei ............................................................................. 47 2. Assessment of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ................................................................................. 48 CHAPTER THREE: THE PRESENT GOVERNANCE SYSTEM OF SUDAN UNDER THE INC ...................................................................................................................... 51 PART I: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FEDERALISM IN SUDAN ................ 51 1. The Characteristics of Federalism ............................................................................................................... 51 2. The Different Forms of Federal Arrangements ........................................................................................... 53 3. The Historical Origins and Evolution of Federalism in Sudan ................................................................... 55 4. Federalism in Pre-Independence Era ........................................................................................................... 55 i. Funj Kingdom, Turko-Egyptian Rule and Mahdiya State ....................................................................... 55 ii. Native Administration System (The British-Egyptian Period) ............................................................... 56 5. Federalism in Post-Independence Era ......................................................................................................... 57 i. The Governance System under Sudan Constitutions: 1958-1989 ........................................................... 57 ii. The Governance System under Sudan Constitution 1998 ...................................................................... 60 PART II: THE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE OF SUDAN UNDER THE INC ........ 64 1. The Overall Governance Structure of Sudan under the INC ........................................................... 64 i) The National Level ................................................................................................................................. 65 a) The National Legislature ........................................................................................................................ 65 b) The National Executive .......................................................................................................................... 69 ii) The Government of the Southern Sudan Level ...................................................................................... 70 7 a) The Executive of the Government of Southern Sudan Level ............................................................ 71 b) The Legislature of the Government of Southern Sudan Level ........................................................... 71 iii) The State Level .................................................................................................................................