2 013 Since the first-ever UN General Assembly High-level Dialogue on WORLD MIGRATION International Migration and Development (HLD) in 2006, the international debate about how best to harness the benefits of migration for development REPORT 2013 | MIGRATION WORLD REPORT 2013 has intensified significantly. Yet migration remains inadequately integrated into development frameworks at national and local levels, and public perceptions of migrants and migration are often very negative. In 2013, a second High-level Dialogue on International Migration and WORLD MIGRATION Development will be held, presenting the international community with a critical opportunity to focus its attention on how to make migration work for development and poverty reduction. The HLD takes place at an important time, as the international community is seeking to formulate a REPORT 2013 new agenda for global development as we approach the target year of the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. The World Migration Report 2013 contributes to the global debate on migration and development in three ways: First, the focus of the report is on the migrant, and on how migration affects a person’s well-being. Many MIGRANT reports on migration and development focus on the impact of remittances: WELL-BEING AND DEVELOPMENT the money that migrants send back home. This report takes a different approach, exploring how migration affects a person’s quality of life and their human development across a broad range of dimensions. Second, the report draws upon the findings of a unique source of data – the Gallup World Poll surveys, conducted in more than 150 countries, to assess the MIGRANT WELL-BEING AND MIGRANT WELL-BEING well-being of migrants worldwide for the first time. Third, the report sheds new light on how migrants rate their lives, whether they live in a high- income country in the North, or a low or middle income country in the South. Traditionally the focus has been on those migrating from lower income countries to more affluent ones; this report considers movements in all four migration pathways and their implications for development i.e. migration from the South to North, between countries of the South or between countries of the North, as well as movements from the North to the South. International Organization for Migration (IOM) The first three chapters of the World Migration Report 2013 provide an 17 Route des Morillons, 1211 Geneva 19, introduction to the chosen theme ‘Migrant Well-being and Development’, Switzerland present the current global migration situation across four migration pathways and review existing research on the emerging field of happiness D Tel: +41 22 717 93 56 and subjective well-being. EVELOP Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 MIGRANT Chapter four presents original findings on migrant well-being from the www.iom.int Gallup World Poll, looking at outcomes on six core dimensions of well- WELL-BEING AND DEVELOPMENT being across the four migration pathways. M ENT The final part draws conclusions and makes recommendations for future initiatives to monitor migrant well-being and the impact of migration on development, with reference to the inclusion of migration in the post-2015 global development framework. IOM OIM ISSN 1561-5502 International Organization for Migration (IOM) ISBN 978-92-9068-668-2 USD 40.00 WMR 2013 Cover_EN final.indd 1 9/13/2013 3:10:14 PM This volume is the fruit of a collaborative effort by a team of contributing authors and the Editorial Team under the direction of the Editors-in-Chief. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM or its Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 Route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iom.int © 2013 International Organization for Migration (IOM) ISBN 978-92-9068-668-2 ISSN 1561-5502 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in France by Gráficas Alcoy. 05_13 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2013 MIGRANT WELL-BEING AND DEVELOPMENT International Organization for Migration (IOM) Contents Editorial Team ........................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................8 WMR 2013 seminars and working papers ...........................................................10 Boxes, figures, tables and maps ..........................................................................12 Acronyms .............................................................................................................18 Foreword .............................................................................................................20 Overview .............................................................................................................22 Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................30 Highlights .............................................................................................................31 Migration and the development agenda .............................................................33 Contribution of the eportr ...................................................................................35 Four migration pathways ...............................................................................36 Migrant well-being ........................................................................................36 Future development framework ...................................................................38 Guide to the report .............................................................................................39 Sources of information ..................................................................................39 Classification and terminology ......................................................................41 Limitations and provisos ...............................................................................48 Report structure ............................................................................................48 Concluding remarks .............................................................................................49 Chapter 2 Migration trends: Comparing the four pathways ....52 Highlights .............................................................................................................53 Key global statistics .............................................................................................55 Four migration pathways ...............................................................................55 Migrant origin ................................................................................................58 Migrant destination .......................................................................................59 World’s top migration corridors ....................................................................59 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2013 MIGRANT WELL-BEING AND DEVELOPMENT 3 Main migrant-sending and -receiving countries ............................................63 Migration and gender ....................................................................................65 Migration and age .........................................................................................66 Migration and work skills ..............................................................................68 Refugees ........................................................................................................68 International students ...................................................................................69 Key remittance patterns ................................................................................70 World’s top remittance corridors ..................................................................72 In focus: North–South migration .........................................................................77 Trends ............................................................................................................77 Reliability of data...........................................................................................78 Migration drivers ...........................................................................................78 Potential development impacts ....................................................................82 Concluding remarks .............................................................................................83