Annex 1: Biographical appendix The 106 people listed in this directory played leading roles in creating the WTO, participating in its negotiations, adjudicating its disputes, and managing the institution. Included here are all directors-general, deputy directors-general, chefs de cabinet, chairmen of the WTO General Council, and members of the Appellate Body from 1995 to 2012, together with selected ministers, ambassadors, directors and other figures cited in the text. The biographical information presented here is based primarily on data provided by the individuals themselves. All living persons listed here were given the opportunity to edit their entries. Roderick Abbott (born 1938) of the European Union and the United Kingdom was a deputy director- general from 2002 to 2005. He received a BA from the University of Oxford in 1962, and since retiring has held visiting fellowships at the London School of Economics (LSE), at the European University Institute, in Florence, and at Western University in London, Ontario. During a 40-year career, first with the Board of Trade in London, later with the European Commission in Brussels, he was posted several times to the United Kingdom and EC delegations in Geneva. From 1968 to 1971, after the Kennedy Round, then from 1975 to 1979 as deputy chief negotiator for the Tokyo Round, and again from 1996 to 2000 as ambassador and head of delegation. A participant in the Tokyo Ministerial Conference that launched the Tokyo Round in 1973, he was attached to the EC delegation in Geneva for those negotiations with special responsibility for non-tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions, and safeguard measures. In the 1980s and 1990s, he was the lead negotiator for Article XXIV:6 tariff negotiations after EC enlargements, and a regular participant in the meetings of the Quad Trade Ministers. During the Uruguay Round (1987-1993), he was again the EC deputy chief negotiator, working from Brussels, with oversight of all areas of the negotiations; and in the final stages he was the lead negotiator for the tariff negotiations. As ambassador from 1996, he was a central player in the First WTO Ministerial Conference in Singapore, and later in Seattle and in Doha. In 2003, he attended the Ministerial Conference in Cancún as a deputy director-general at the WTO. Following his service in the WTO, he has worked with the London School of Economics and the European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), a leading trade-policy think tank in Brussels. He has successively worked with several consultancies in Brussels (GPlus Europe, APCO Worldwide, and Kreab & Gavin Anderson). He has taken a number of teaching assignments and worked with the World Trade Institute, in Bern, and with the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, in Geneva. He has written working papers and policy briefs at ECIPE (on WTO dispute settlement and on the Doha Round) as well as a history of the international commercial banana trade from 1870 to 1930. Georges Michel Abi Saab (born 1933) of Egypt served on the Appellate Body from 2000 to 2008. He graduated in law from Cairo University and pursued his studies in law, economics and politics at the Universities of Paris, Michigan (MA in economics), Harvard Law School (LLM and SJD), Cambridge and Geneva (Docteur es Sciences Politiques). He also held numerous visiting professorships at Harvard Law School, the universities of Tunis, Jordan, the West Indies (Trinidad), as well as the Rennert Distinguished Professorship at NYU School of Law and the Henri Rolin Chair in Belgian Universities. Mr Abi Saab is honorary professor of International Law at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva; honorary professor at Cairo University’s Faculty of Law; and a member of the Institute of International Law. He served as consultant to 572 THE History AND FUTURE OF THE WORLD TRADE Organization the secretary-general of the United Nations for the preparation of two reports on Respect of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts (1969 and 1970), and for the report on Progressive Development of Principles and Norms of International Law Relating to the New International Economic Order (1984). He represented Egypt in the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law (1974- 1977), and acted as Counsel and advocate for several governments in cases before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as well as in international arbitrations. He has also served twice as judge ad hoc on the ICJ, as Judge on the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, and as a Commissioner of the United Nations Compensation Commission. Mr Abi Saab is the author of numerous books and articles, including Les exceptions préliminaires dans la procédure de la Cour internationale: Etude des notions fondamentales de procédure et des moyens de leur mise en oeuvre (1967), International Crises and the Role of Law: The United Nations Operation in Congo 1960-1964 (1978), The Concept of International Organization (as editor) (1981; French edition, 1980); and of two courses at the Hague Academy of International Law: “Wars of National Liberation in the Geneva Conventions and Protocols” (Recueil des cours, vol. 165 (1979IV)) and the “General Course of Public International Law”(in French) (Recueil des cours, vol. 207 (1987VII)). Yonov Frederick Agah (born 1956) of Nigeria served as chairman of the General Council in 2011. He has also served as chairman of the following WTO Bodies: Dispute Settlement Body in 2010; Council for Trade in Services in 2009; Trade Policy Review Body in 2008; Council for TRIPS in 2007; and Council for Trade in Goods in 2006. He is presently the chair of the Council for TRIPS, Special Session. Mr Agah holds a BSc and an MSc in economics from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; an MBA and PhD in international trade from the University of Jos; and an LLB from the University of Abuja. He previously worked as a lecturer at Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna (1979-1981); senior features writer/circulation manager, Benue Printing and Publishing Corporation (1982-1984); sales manager, Benue Bottling Company (1984-1987); field manager, UTC Plc. (1990-1991); deputy director (Multilateral) (1991-2001); and director (External Trade) (2002-2005). He was appointed as Nigeria’s ambassador to the WTO in 2005. Mr Agah has contributed to various publications and trade issues, including books and journal articles. Celso Luiz Nunes Amorim (born 1942) of Brazil was minister of foreign relations from 1993 to 1994 under President Itamar Franco and again from 2003 to 2010 under President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. He graduated in 1965 from the Rio Branco Institute, an undergraduate school of international relations run by the Ministry of External Relations, and obtained his post-graduate degree in International Relations from the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna in 1967. He was a Portuguese language professor at the Rio Branco Institute, as well as political science and international relations professor at the University of Brasília. He is a permanent member of the Foreign Affairs Department of the University of São Paulo Institute of Advanced Studies. In 1987, he was appointed secretary for international affairs for the Ministry of Science and Technology. He served in that position until 1989, when he was selected to be the director-general for cultural affairs in the Ministry of External Relations. Mr Amorim became director-general for economic affairs in 1990, and in 1993 he was promoted to the position of secretary-general of the Brazilian foreign-affairs agency. From 1991 to 1993, he served as head delegate of Brazil to GATT and other international organizations in Geneva. While minister of foreign relations, in 1994, he signed the Marrakesh Agreement on behalf of Brazil. From 1995 to 1999 he was Brazil’s permanent representative to the United Nations in New York. In 1999, he was again named as Brazil’s permanent representative to the WTO and the United Nations in Geneva, and served for two years before taking assignment as the ambassador to the United Kingdom in 2001. He became minister of defence under President Dilma Rousseff in 2011. Lady Catherine Ashton (born 1956) of the United Kingdom served as European Commissioner for Trade from 2008 to 2009. She graduated with a BSc in sociology in 1977 from Bedford College. From 1977 to 1983, Lady Ashton worked for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament as an administrator. From 1979 to 1981, she was business manager of The Coverdale Organisation, a management consultancy. As of 1983, she worked for the Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work. From 1983 to 1989, she Biographical APPENDIX 573 was director of business in the community, working with business to tackle inequality, and established the Employers’ Forum on Disability, Opportunity Now, and the Windsor Fellowship. For most of the 1990s, she worked as a freelance policy adviser. She was made a Labour life peer as Baroness Ashton of Upholland in 1999, under Prime Minister Tony Blair. Lady Ashton was appointed Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Queen’s Privy Council in Prime Minister Gordon Brown’s first Cabinet in 2007. As well as Leader of the Lords, she held responsibility in the House of Lords for equalities issues, and was instrumental in steering the EU Treaty of Lisbon through the House of Lords. In 2009, she became the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. James Bacchus (born 1949) of the United States served on the Appellate Body from 1995 to 2003. He received a BA degree from Vanderbilt University, magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, with High Honors in History (1971) and an MA degree from Yale University (1973).