Explanations PTS Code - 001 History 1. Ans: B subcontinent), and introduced the ghazal style of song. Exp: The settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher and the other much larger 6. Ans: B but lower. Archaeologists designate these as the Citadel and the Lower Town respectively. The Exp: The salient features are: Citadel owes its height to the fact that buildings 1. Gandhara school of art there was dominance were constructed on mud brick platforms. It of lively statues of Gautama Buddha. His was walled, which meant that it was physically existence was shown only by symbols such as separated from the Lower Town. The Lower Town foot-prints, the Bodhi-tree, a vacant seat or was also walled. the umbrella. There is no system of strait drainage at Kalibangan. 2. In this school a great care was taken to Doorways and windows rarely opened out into show the physical features, muscles and the main street, but faced side lanes. moustaches, etc. of a figure in as natural a way as was possible. 2. Ans: D 3. A great importance was attached to refineness Exp: An Aryan chief who empowered a ‘dasyu’ and polish in the Gandhara School of Art. was called Trasadasyu. The Aryan chief was soft 4. The technique and forms applied were Greek towards the dasas, but strongly hostile to the in nature but the ideas, inspirations and dasyus. The term dasyuhatya, slaughter of the subjects were all Indians. dasyus, is repeatedly mentioned in the Rigveda. 5. The Gandhara art was mostly used to make The dasyus possibly worshipped the phallus and statues and images of Lord Buddha. But from did not keep cattle for dairy products. a study of certain specimens of this school that are now placed in Lahore, Calcutta 3. Ans: C and Peshawar museums, we can say that 4. Ans: B sometimes this art was used to depict certain scenes from Buddha’s life and also to make Exp: Mahmud Shah Tughlaq was the last sultan statues of the Kushan rulers. of the Tughlaq dynasty to rule the Islamic Delhi 6. Most of the specimens of this school were Sultanate. During his reign in 1398, Amir Timur the executed in stone but the discovery of a Chagtai ruler invaded India. He carried away with large number of images in stucco, cement, him a large booty from Delhi and the surrounding terracotta and clay, show that along with area. Soon after the invasion, the Tughlaq dynasty stone, sometimes stucco, cement, terracotta came to an end. and clay were also used for making statues, 5. Ans: C images and sculptures concerning the www.uniqueshiksha.inBuddhist faith Ibrahim AdIl Shah II composed Kitab-i-Nauras in 7. The chief centre of the Gandharva School which songs were set to various musical modes of Art was no doubt Gandhara itself but or ragas. The songs were in praise of Hindu deities the discovery of Gandhara specimens from and Muslim saints. He freely invoked in his songs Afghanistan and Taxila goes to prove that the goddess of music and learning, Saraswati. He this Indo-Greek art flourished over a vast accorded patronage to all including Hindu saints region. and temples. 8 . T h e main material: Metal such as the gold Khusrow is regarded as the “father of qawwali” used in the Kanishka reliquary from Shahji ki (a devotional music form of the Sufis in the Indian 082873 60360 www.uniqueshiksha.com [email protected] /UniqueShiksha 1 Dheri. Stone wherever used is usually blue or Trunk Road in Bihar. Sher Shah was a secular ruler grey schist and slate. Stucco, especially busts who practised tolerance and welfare. of Greek and Roman deities and princes. Interestingly these were painted, with red 13. Ans: C colour being used for the lips and black for Exp: Muhammad Bin Tughlaq started distributing the eyes and hair. daily food to the people of Delhi. He also established a loan system to the peasants. He 7. Ans: D created a department of Agriculture named as “Diwan-i-Kohi“. He established a “Famine Code” 8. Ans: B to relive the victims of Famine. Exp: The Bahmani kingdom was founded by Under Iqta System, the land of the empire was Alauddin Hasan in 1347. After his coronation, he divided into several large and small tracts called assumed the title of Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah Iqta and assigned these Iqtas to his soldiers, (1347-58), it is from this title that the kingdom was officers and nobles. In the beginning, an Iqta called the Bahmani kingdom. The most important was based upon salary. Later, under Firoz Shah step taken by him was the induction of Hindus in Tughlaq it became hereditary. the administration on a large scale. 14. Ans: C Vijayanagar military employeed both Muslims and Hindus. Exp: An amalaka, is a segmented or notched stone disk, usually with ridges on the rim, that sits on the top of a Hindu temple’s shikhara or 9. Ans: C main tower. According to one interpretation, the Exp. Lal Darwaza Masjid of Jaunpur, was built in amalaka represents a lotus, and thus the symbolic 1447 by Queen Rajye Bibi and dedicated to Sayyid seat for the deity below. Another interpretation is Ali Dawood Qutubbudin a saint. that it symbolizes the sun, and is thus the gateway to the heavenly world. 10. Ans: A 15. Ans: D Exp. Sakhi Kandhei (Also sakhi kundhei, sakhi Exp: In the early 18th century, Maharaja Jai Singh nata) is a string puppetry show popular in Odisha, II of Jaipur constructed five Jantar Mantars in especially in the Kendrapara district. Wooden total, in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura and dolls are tied to strings which are controlled Varanasi; they were completed between 1724 by pulling and releasing the strings. Different and 1735. expression by pulling the strings narrate tales The jantars have like Samrat Yantra, Jai Prakash, from the Puranas and modern social life. A group Ram Yantra and Niyati Chakra; each of which are of artists perform music and give background used to for various astronomical calculations. voice for the narration of stories. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and 11. Ans.: B planets. Exp. Dalai Lama is also considered to be the 16. Ans: B successor in a line of tulkus who are believed to be incarnations of Avalokiteśvara, a Bodhisattva Exp. Ikat is a dyeing technique used to pattern of Compassion. The name is a combination of the textiles that employs resist dyeing on the yarns Mongolic word dalai meaning «ocean» or «big» prior to dyeing and weaving the fabric. Single Ikat is a process in which either the warp yarns or the and the Tibetan word (bla-ma) meaning “master, www.uniqueshiksha.inweft are dyed. The second procedure of combined guru”. Ikat has both warp yarns and the weft being used 12. Ans: B together in different parts of the fabric. Exp: Dagh and Chehra System was introduced by 17. Ans: A Alauddin Khilji. Exp. Umakant Gundecha and Ramakant Sher Shah was a good general and administrator. Gundecha, known as the Gundecha Brothers, He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known are leading Dagarvani dhrupad singers. They as ‘Rupia’. He reduced custom duties and built an always sing together. So together they have been excellent connection of roads, including Grand awarded Padmashree for 2012 in the field of Art- 2 2 082873 60360 www.uniqueshiksha.com [email protected] /UniqueShiksha PTS Code - 001 Indian Classical Music - Vocal - Madhya Pradesh. India (now Gujarat) from approximately 475 to approximately 776 CE from their capital at 18. Ans: A Vallabhi. With the sole exception of Dharapatta Exp: Increasing pride of birth, characteristic (the fifth king in the dynasty), who followed of feudal society, and the accompanying self- the Mithraic mysteries, they were followers of sufficient village economy, which prevented Shaivism. both spatial and occupational mobility, gave rise Maitrakas set up a Vallabhi University which to thousands of castes in India during the early came to be known far and wide for its scholastic medieval Period. pursuits and was compared with the Nalanda Endogamy is the practice of marrying within University. They came under the rule of Harsha a specific social group, caste or ethnic group, of Vardhana dynasty in the mid-seventh century, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for but retained local autonomy, and regained marriage or other close personal relationships. their independence after Harsha›s death. After Violation of varna endogamous rules occurred. repeated attacks by Arabs from the sea, the Gotra exogamous rules were not violated. kingdom had weakened considerably. The dynasty ended by 783 CE. Apart from legendary 19. Ans: A accounts which connect fall of Vallabi with the Tajjika (Arab) invasions, no historical source Exp: The Maitraka dynasty ruled western mention how the dynasty ended. GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE MAITRAKAS OF VALABHI (1) Bhatarka (2) Dharasena 1 (3) Dronasimha (4) Dhruvasena 1 (5) Dharapatta (6) Guhasena (7) Dharasena II (8) Siladitya 1, Dharmaditya (9) Kharagraha I (10) Dharasena III (11) Dharasena II, Baladitya Derabhatta (12) Dharasena IV Siladitya* (14) Kharagraha II, (13) Dhruvasena III Dharmaditya (15) Siladitya–II (16) Siladitya–III * The numbering of Siladitya differs when SIladitya, (17) Siladitya–IV the elder son of Derabhatta, is mentioned as Siladiya II. Subsequent rulers follows like Siladitya II becomes III. (18) Siladitya–V www.uniqueshiksha.in(19) Siladitya–VI, Dharubhata to teach Vedas and perform religious ceremonies. Brahmins are important because they teach and 20. Ans: D give spiritual guidance.