NEUROSCIENCE INTELLIGENCE UNIT From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These Gernot Riedel, Ph.D. Bettina Platt, Ph.D. School of Medical Sciences College of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Aberdeen Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K. LANDES BIOSCIENCE / EUREKAH.COM KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBLISHERS GEORGETOWN, TEXAS NEW YORK, NEW YORK U.S.A. U.S.A. FROM MESSENGERS TO MOLECULES: MEMORIES ARE MADE OF THESE Neuroscience Intelligence Unit Landes Bioscience / Eurekah.com Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers Copyright ©2004 Eurekah.com and Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers All rights reserved. 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In view of the ongoing research, equipment development, changes in governmental regulations and the rapid accumulation of information relating to the biomedical sciences, the reader is urged to carefully review and evaluate the information provided herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data From messengers to molecules : memories are made of these / [edited by] Gernot Riedel, Bettina Platt. p. ; cm. -- (Neuroscience intelligence unit) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-306-47862-5 1. Neurochemistry. 2. Neurotransmitters. 3. Neurotransmitter receptors. I. Riedel, Gernot. II. Platt, Bettina. III. Series: Neuroscience intelligence unit (Unnumbered) [DNLM: 1. Memory--physiology. 2. Ion Channels. 3. Learning --physiology. 4. Memory Disorders. 5. Neurotransmitters. 6. Transcription Factors. WL 102 F9308 2004] QP356.3.F76 2004 612.8'042--dc22 2004001884 Dedication To our children Daniel and Lisa Sophie, for wonderful memories. CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................. ix Abbreviations ...................................................................................... xxi Section 1. Ions and Ion Channels 1.1. Calcium.................................................................................................. 1 Miao-Kun Sun and Daniel L. Alkon Ca2+ Influx............................................................................................. 2 Neurotransmitter Release ...................................................................... 7 Modulation of Channel Activity ............................................................ 8 Signal Transduction Cascades ............................................................... 9 Alzheimer’s Disease ............................................................................. 14 1.2. Potassium............................................................................................. 20 Jeffrey Vernon and Karl Peter Giese How Can K+ Channels Contribute to Learning and Memory? ............ 22 Section 2. Principle Neurotransmitters 2.1. Glutamate Receptors ............................................................................ 39 Gernot Riedel, Jacques Micheau and Bettina Platt Glutamate Receptor Function in Learning and Memory Formation ....................................................................................... 43 2.2. γ-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA)............................................................. 72 Claudio Castellano, Vincenzo Cestari and Alessandro Ciamei GABAergic Drugs and Memory Formation: Peripheral Administrations ............................................................................... 73 GABAergic Drugs and Memory: Genotype-Dependent Effects ........... 75 GABAergic Drugs and the State-Dependency Hypothesis ................... 76 GABAergic Drugs and Memory Formation: Administrations into Brain Structures ....................................................................... 77 Interaction with Other Systems ........................................................... 82 2.3. Acetylcholine: I. Muscarinic Receptors ................................................. 90 Giancarlo Pepeu and Maria Grazia Giovannini Muscarinic Receptors .......................................................................... 93 Which Cognitive Processes Depend on the Activation of Muscarinic Receptors? ................................................................. 98 Effects of Direct and Indirect Selective Muscarinic Receptor Agonists on Learning and Memory: Therapeutic Implications....... 103 2.4. Acetylcholine: II. Nicotinic Receptors ................................................ 113 Joyce Besheer and Rick A. Bevins Neuronal nAChRs ............................................................................. 113 Memory ............................................................................................ 115 Attention ........................................................................................... 117 Rewarding/Incentive Effects .............................................................. 118 Other Effects ..................................................................................... 120 2.5. Serotonin ........................................................................................... 125 Marie-Christine Buhot, Mathieu Wolff and Louis Segu Role of 5-HT in Memory: Global Strategies ...................................... 126 Serotonergic-Cholinergic Interactions ............................................... 128 5-HT Receptors in Memory Systems................................................. 128 2.6. Dopamine .......................................................................................... 143 Jan P.C. de Bruin Functional Studies Using a Systemic Approach ................................. 145 Functional Studies Using a Central Approach ................................... 148 2.7. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline............................................................ 155 Marie E. Gibbs and Roger J. Summers Pharmacology of α- and β-Adrenoceptors in the Central Nervous System ............................................................................. 155 Factors Affecting Drug Action at Adrenoceptors ............................... 159 Memory Studies with Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists in Rats ........................................................................................... 160 Memory Studies with Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists in Chicks ....................................................................................... 163 Roles for Adrenoceptor Subtypes in the LPO .................................... 169 2.8. Histamine .......................................................................................... 174 Rüdiger U. Hasenöhrl and Joseph P. Huston The Histaminergic Neuron System ................................................... 174 The Role of the Tuberomammillary Nucleus Projection System in Neural Plasticity and Functional Recovery ................................ 176 The Role of the Histaminergic Neuronal System in the Control of Reinforcement ........................................................................... 178 The Role of the Histaminergic Neuronal System in the Control of Learning and Mnemonic Processes ............................................ 181 Tuberomammillary Modulation of Hippocampal Signal Transfer ..... 187 2.9. Adenosine and Purines ....................................................................... 196 Trevor W. Stone, M-R. Nikbakht and E. Martin O’Kane Origin of Adenosine in the Extracellular Fluid .................................. 196 Adenosine Receptors ......................................................................... 196 Adenosine and Learning .................................................................... 197 Adenosine and Synaptic Plasticity...................................................... 199 Interactions between Adenosine and Cholinergic Neurotransmission ........................................................................ 201 Interactions between Purines and Glutamate Receptors ..................... 203 Other Receptor Interactions .............................................................. 205 The Effects of Ageing on Adenosine Receptors .................................. 210 Trophic Functions of Nucleosides ..................................................... 210 Nucleotides and Synaptic Plasticity ................................................... 211 Section 3. Neuromodulators 3.1. Cannabinoids ....................................................................................