ARTÍCULOS UTOPÍA Y PRAXIS LATINOAMERICANA. AÑO: 24, n° EXTRA 6, 2019, pp. 153-162 REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE FILOSOFÍA Y TEORÍA SOCIAL CESA-FCES-UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. MARACAIBO-VENEZUELA. ISSN 1315-5216 / ISSN-e: 2477-9555 The teaching management and study of Hadith: method, contents, and approaches La gestión de la enseñanza y el estudio de Hadith: método, contenidos y enfoques M MUKHIBAT ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-0210 [email protected] The State Institut of Islamic Studies, Ponorogo, Indonesia ABSTRACT RESUMEN The shift in the orientation of Hadith studies in Indonesia El cambio en la orientación de los estudios Hadith en and the West has given rise to differences in the Indonesia y Occidente ha dado lugar a diferencias en aspects of the method, the material and its approach, los aspectos del método, el material y su enfoque, y la and the management of learning. These differences gestión del aprendizaje. Estas diferencias han dado have given rise to different study models. The question lugar a diferentes modelos de estudio. La pregunta es is how the study model is appropriate in the Indonesian cómo el modelo de estudio es apropiado en el contexto context. Based on this qualitative-collaborative indonesio. Sobre la base de esta investigación research at UIN Jakarta and the Oxford Oriental cualitativa y colaborativa en UIN Jakarta y el Oxford Institute, it is hoped that there will be renewal in the Oriental Institute, se espera que se renueven los methods and approaches of the study of Hadith in métodos y enfoques del estudio de Hadith en Indonesia. Indonesia. Keywords: Hadith, Indonesia, Oxford, Qualitative- Palabras clave: Hadith, Indonesia, Investigación Collaborative Research. cualitativa-colaborativa, Oxford. Recibido: 15-09-2019 ● Aceptado: 18-11-2019 Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana publica bajo licencia Creative Commons Atribución-No Comercial-Compartir Igual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Más información en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ MUKHIBAT The teaching management and study of Hadith… 154 1. INTRODUCTION Islamic studies in the West see the Hadith as a doctrine and civilization, and not as a transcendent religion. Therefore the Hadith is placed solely as an object of scientific study. Hadith can be criticized freely and openly by relying on a variety of more sophisticated approaches and methods in the social and human sciences, while the study of Hadith in the East, including Indonesia, strongly emphasizes normative and ideological approaches. The Islamic sciences are not made solely as objects of scientific research that are freely subjected to the principles that apply in the scientific world but are placed honorably according to their position as doctrines which truths are believed to be absolute. However, in the late '80s, the orientation of the study of Hadith in Indonesia was more inclined to the West. This was because many Muslim scholars were sent to Western universities, such as McGill University, Leiden University, Ohio Institute, etc. It was showed an increase of exchange students to the United States, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, and France. This development also confirms that the Hadith is understood not textually but also contextually. These differences and shifts in orientation have automatically given rise to different methods; materials approach in the study of Hadith in both East and West, which will have implications for the management of learning. This is, of course, very important to be studied more deeply, so that it can give birth to an appropriate study model in the Indonesian context (Guzmán et al.: 2018). Thus, research and studies on the orientation of methods and approaches to the study of Hadith in East and West are very significant in developing Islamic studies in the PTKI environment throughout Indonesia. Where, in the national curriculum structure of Islamic Higher Education, Hadith courses are compulsory subjects to be followed by all students in each department at PTKI. This qualitative-collaborative research article with the inductive thinking method is an answer to how the methods, materials, and approaches of the Hadith in two traditions, East (UIN Syarif Hidayatullah) and West (Oxford UK) which have different orientations (Assegaf: 2002). This is, of course, very important if it is linked to the great agenda of the Indonesian people, which will make Indonesia the center of world Islamic studies. So here it is necessary to appreciate some experts of Indonesian Islamic Studies on the concept of "Nusantara" which is "space between". The word "nus-antara" is "the between zone". This space, which in the al-Qur`an language is called the la syarqiyah wa la garbiyyah zone, can be proposed as a new mecca for world Islamic studies (Waryani, 2014: 643). Islamic studies so far have been oriented toward Western Islamic studies and Middle Eastern Islamic studies. Where the West prioritizes the dimension of rationality, during the Eastern aspect of spirituality, in Indonesia, both must be integrated by taking the positive from the West and East. Indonesian Muslim scholars must have the courage to say that there is an Islamic Nusantara study. 2. METHODS The position of Hadith as a source of law after the Qur'an is not sterile from the problem. One of the fundamental issues is whether anything that comes from the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad SAW) must be done despite the prohibition of entering the realm of worship. The other problem concerning dalalah (His direction), on the one hand, the Qur`an is absolute, and on the other hand, the Hadith is not. The answer to the above issues is very much related to the understanding of a Hadith. Therefore, various efforts made by scholars, both scholars mutaqaddimin and muta'akhirin to seek out and prove their authenticity and validity and make efforts to understand and capture the meaning of the Hadith content. The process of understanding the Hadith is better known as fiqh al-Hadith, namely the process of understanding and revealing the content of a Hadith with the correct knowledge so that the results of that understanding can answer the problems of the times. The method of teaching came to be called tahammul Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana; ISSN 1315-5216; ISSN-e 2477-9555 Año 24, n° Extra 6, 2019, pp. 153-162 155 wa al-'adā' (Von Denffer: 1981). Understanding the Hadith requires a way and techniques of understanding and exploring the purpose of a Hadith to produce a correct and mature understanding. The beginning of understanding the Hadith is carried out by the Prophet Muhammad himself, who has the capacity as Rasulullah, mubayyin, musyarri`, leader of the community, the state, and Muslims (Suryadilaga: 2009). Factually the Prophet acted as a resident and explanation of the matters of ukhrawi and the world both in ordinary circumstances and in situations of conflict that occurred in society. The basis for the stipulation and interpretation of the Prophet is a revelation, the Prophet's policy in the form of deliberation with friends (Brown: 2010). Methodologically and in the context of tahammul wa al 'ada', understanding patterns of the Prophet applied in three forms; First, the understanding conveyed by the Prophet in oral way. Second, the knowledge expressed by the Prophet and written by Friends. Third, understanding which exemplified by the Prophet through practice. The understanding of the Hadith that developed until now relies on textual and contextual understanding because the text will always interact with the context (Thahir Lukman: 2004). Therefore, in understanding a book, understanding context becomes a necessity that must be done — no exception to the understanding of the text of the Hadith. Without understanding the various variables and situations behind the text which include historical, sociological, psychological, etc., this will potentially lead to misinterpretation and the possibility of the release of Hadith messages from the context around them, coupled with the reader's ignorance of the textual intent of a text implicates the authoritative attitude in understanding the text (Muyambiri & Chabaefe: 2018). Orientalist Method in Understanding Hadith: The intersection between West and East of the 18th century until now, more or less, provides a distinctive style for the development of Islamic studies, not least in the study of Hadith. Regarding the understanding of the Hadith, which is widely discussed by some Orientalist scholars and Islamologists who study Islamic literature where they conduct further research gives a knowledge of the Hadith of the Prophet including Ignaz Goldziher (1952), Wensinck (1932), Joseph Schacht (1953) and G.H.A. Juynboll. Where they have criticized the methods of the hadith experts on how to understand the ma'ānī al-hadīth, then they offer a new approach, namely the "method of critique the Hadith" as a solution. Ignaz Goldziher and Josep Schacht are two Hadith reviewers who can be categorized as revisionist users (Masrur: 2007). Revisionism tends to draw conclusions that deny the validity of historical accounts based on various facts from Islamic sources. While traditional groups are those, who do not recognize the findings of the revisionist group and also reject the validity of the source criticism method used by the revisionist group, orientalists put the Hadith as a source of reconstruction of Islamic history (Yerizon et al.: 2018). The history of events, the history of jurisprudence, the history of religious and institutional ideas, and the interpretation of the al-Quran estimate the age and origin of a source (dating documents). Melchert, for example, also uses a historical approach in establishing historical findings to identify patterns and group features (Connoly: 2012) while Muslim scholars study Hadith as a source of Islamic authority, source of law, source of moral value, interpretation and others. Orientalist methods in studying the ancient literature of Greek, Roman, and Jewish religious literature, Christianity, are used in Islamic literature, including the Hadith.