BEYOND STATE-BUILDING Confronting Africa’s Governance and Socio-economic Challenges in the 21st Century Edited by Samuel Kale Ewusi & Jean Bosco Butera Beyond State-Building BEYOND STATE-BUILDING Confronting Africa’s Governance and Socio-economic Challenges in the 21st Century Edited by Samuel Kale Ewusi and Jean Bosco Butera University for Peace (A United Nations Mandated University) headquartered in Costa Rica, was created by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 35/55 of December 1980. The mission of the University is to “provide humanity with an international institution for higher education for peace with the aim of promoting among all human beings the spirit of understanding, tolerance and peaceful coexistence, to stimulate cooperation among all peoples and to help lessen obstacles and threats to world peace and progress with the noble aspirations proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations”. This book is a publication of University for Peace Africa Programme P.O Box 2794, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia UPAP. Tel order: +251 11 618 0991 Email Orders: [email protected] ©2014 by UPEACE Africa Programme All rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information Storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The paper used in this publication meets minimum requirements of the Ethiopian Standards Agency. For bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-99944-973-5-5 Beyond State-Buidling – Confronting Africa’s Governance- Socio-economic Challenges in the 21st Century- Ewusi, SK & Butera JB. UPEACE Africa programme Addis Ababa, Ethiopia University for Peace San Jose Costa Rica This publication is funded by the International Development Research Center (IDRC) Contents Preface v Acknowledgement viii List of Abbreviations ix Introduction: Strong Institutions, Economic Policy and Human Security in Africa: Exploring the Nexus Samuel Kale Ewusi 1 Part One: Strengthening Institutional Governance 17 Understanding Political Legitimacy in African Emerging Democracies: The Juridical, Symbolic, and Instrumental Legitimacy Interface Michael Jana 19 Politics of the (Sub) regional: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union (AU) in Cote d’Ivoire’s Electoral Crisis Akin Iwilade 49 The European Union’s Role in African Security Governance Benjamin Zyla and Arnold Kammel 81 Militarisation or Improved Policing?: The Interplay between the Military and the Police in Uganda Jude Kagoro 99 Part two: Confronting Africa’s Economic Challenges 125 Economic Growth and Poverty Paradox: Re-examining the Claims of Africa’s “Unique” Experience Onyukwu Onyukwu, Uzochukwu Amakom, Chikwuma Agu 127 Changing Dynamics in Urbanization of Poverty and the Emerging Governance Challenges in Poverty Reduction in Kenya Philomena Muiruri 153 Beyond State-Building Inclusive Social Policy and the Promise of FDI in Africa: Human Security Imperatives Oluyomi Ola-David and Oyebanke Oyelaran-Oyeyinka 179 Sino-Africa Relations: From Politics to Economics Phineas Bbaala 215 The Security Dimension of Labour Relations Conflicts in Africa's Minerals Sector: Experiences from South Africa and Zambia Oladiran Bello, Alex Benkenstein & Ross Harvey 245 Part three: Exclusion and Marginalization 275 Women Substantive Representation in Local Governance in Cameroon Justine Ayuk Fonjock and Joyce B. Endeley 277 Contested Visions of and Routes to Gender Equality and Governance: Budgeting for the Gender Sector under International Tutelage in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone John Idris Lahai 303 Marginalized and Neglected: Identity Formation and Management Challenges among Uganda’s Urban Youth Denis Musinguzi 343 iv The Politics of Xenophobia in South Africa: Marginalization of African Migrants by the State Catherine Musuva 377 Note on Contributors 405 PREFACE Jean Bosco Butera Research capacity in Africa has not recovered from the crippling effects of the structural adjustment programs of the 1980-1990s. Indeed, faced with considerable budget cuts, many universities directed the remaining meager resources to teaching. This contributed to a ’brain- drain’ whereas a number of qualified researchers left the continent to establish themselves in various other parts of the world. This has had a negative impact on the training in research in many African universities in general with a resulting absence of publications and contribution to debate on issues of paramount importance for the continent. Cognizant of this situation, the Africa Programme of the University for Peace (UPAP) embarked, at its establishment in 2002, on building Africa’s capacity in research and publication, and has since continued in this endeavor. The Programme organized the first Peace Research Capacity Building Workshop in Dakar, Senegal in 2005. To date, it has organized 41 capacity building training workshops in which more than 800 participants from 36 African countries participated. Thirty percent of the trainees were women, based on the Programme’s minimum quota. These trainings covered a wide variety of topics, including Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution (CPMR), Human Rights, Peace and Justice, Nonviolent Transformation of Conflicts, Gender and Peacebuilding, Peace Education, Regional Integration and Security, Peace Research, governance and security and Environment and Conflict. Eleven of the workshops focused on Research in peace, governance and security five of which were advanced level trainings catered to African Doctoral Researchers conducting their studies in Sub Sahara Africa as well as researchers working in peace and security institutions and CSOs. The mission of the Africa Programme proceeds from the premise that Africa needs research professionals who are skilled to evaluate local Beyond State-Building situations in relation to national, regional, continental and global trends and impacts. By aiming to strengthen higher education and research institutions in Africa through research, UPAP seeks to support sustainable growth and internal ‘brain gain’ to better manage its own governance, security and justice issues. In the context of Africa, and in the context of weak and fragile states, many of which are in Sub Saharan Africa, improvement in governance and security are hindered by a general dearth of information. Gaps in knowledge on peace, governance and security issues prevent the building of strong societal infrastructures that promote human development. The dearth of information on African governance and security systems reflects the scarcity of capable researchers in those fields, able to evaluate governance and security issues. Therefore, there is a need to address not only the absence of knowledge in these areas, but a need to address the underlying issue of human resources skilled to provide relevant information to other societal stakeholders, such as civil society and policymakers. The two phases of the capacity building projects funded by IDRC involved the granting of financial and academic support to 8 PhD fellows over a three year period and 48 doctoral awardees over a two year period. During this course of the project grantees were expected to also publish at least one article focusing on peace, governance and vi security in our peer reviewed Africa Peace and Conflict journal and at least two policy briefs in the UPEACE Africa policy series. In addition to the output of producing qualified, skilled and published scholars in the fields, the projects also sort to establish a network of researchers who will continually publish research in the field after the project cycles. It is estimated that the establishment of the network of researchers will eventually culminate in the establishment of the Africa Peace Society. Following this path, the Africa Peace and Governance Research Network (APGR.Net) was launched during an international symposium on peace governance and security in Africa organized by UPEACE Africa Programme in April 2014. The symposium brought together grantees Jean Bosco Butera from UPEACE/IDRC funded projects, IDRC funded researchers in the continent, policy makers and other researchers from higher institutions in Africa. The overall objective of this network is for sustainable knowledge creation in the area of peace governance and security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The initial structure of the network includes focal point persons from four regions in sub-Saharan Africa namely; West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa and Eastern Africa with a UPEACE Africa Programme based Research Coordinator as the central focal point person. Together they form the Network Coordinating committee (NCC). The NCC is tasked with identifying key thematic issues and challenges in peace, governance and security in the four regions in line with the sub themes in the project. This book is the first product of this endeavor. In the course of six months, the regional focal point persons sent calls for abstracts focusing on the identified issues critical to their regions. The Network Coordinating Committee selected relevant abstracts and the authors were requested to develop the papers for publication. In the process, some of the authors were invited to the aforementioned international symposium on peace governance and security organized by UPEACE Africa Programme with the support of the International Development Research Centre and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. vii The papers were