1 DIFFERENCES IN HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENT LEARNING BY INSTRUCTION TYPE AND MBTI PERSONALITY TYPE by Jeffrey Ober Liberty University A Dissertation Proposal Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Liberty University 2018 2 DIFFERENCES IN HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENT LEARNING BY INSTRUCTION TYPE BY MBTI PERSONALITY TYPE by Jeffrey Ober A Dissertation Proposal Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 2018 APPROVED BY: Wesley L. Scott, Ed.D, Committee Chair Andrew Hanson, Ph.D., Committee Member Michael Patrick, Ed. D., Committee Member 3 ABSTRACT Differentiated instruction is a part of the education process today, and it is a time-consuming process used to attempt to reach more students and increase their learning and education. There is currently little empirical research dedicated to measuring the academic effects of differentiated instruction in the classroom. This research examined differentiated instruction in the form of learning styles (audio and visual) combined with personality types in an attempt to determine if there is a measurable significant effect on the academic achievement of students based on their own personality types and different applied learning styles in the classroom. No statistically significant differences were found between different personality types and instruction types. Keywords: differentiated instruction, learning styles, Myers-Briggs personality types, introvert, learning methods 4 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 6 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 7 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 9 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 9 Background ......................................................................................................................... 9 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................ 14 Purpose Statement ............................................................................................................. 15 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................. 16 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 17 Definitions......................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 19 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 19 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................... 19 Related Literature.............................................................................................................. 22 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS ................................................................................................. 49 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 49 Design ............................................................................................................................... 49 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 50 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................ 50 Participants and Setting..................................................................................................... 51 Instrumentation ................................................................................................................. 51 Procedures ......................................................................................................................... 53 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS .................................................................................................... 55 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 55 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 55 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................ 55 5 Descriptive Statistics ......................................................................................................... 56 Results ............................................................................................................................... 58 Results Summary: ............................................................................................................. 72 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 75 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 75 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 75 Implications....................................................................................................................... 78 Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 79 Recommendations for Future Research ............................................................................ 80 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 81 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 82 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................. 102 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................. 104 6 List of Tables Table 1: Personality descriptive statistics ..................................................................................... 56 Table 2: Instruction type descriptive statistics .............................................................................. 57 Table 3: Combination group descriptive statistics ........................................................................ 57 Table 4: Personalty type analysis .................................................................................................. 60 Table 5: Instruction type analysis ................................................................................................. 61 Table 6: Combination group analysis ........................................................................................... 61 Table 7: Personality type Kolmogorov-Smirnov ............................................................................. 62 Table 8: Instruction type Kolmogorov-Smirnov ............................................................................. 62 Table 9: Combination group Kolmogorov-Smirnov ....................................................................... 62 Table 10: Levine's Test for personality type ..................................................................................... 65 Table 11: Levine's Test for instruction type ...................................................................................... 66 Table 12: Levine's Test for combination groups ............................................................................... 66 Table 13: Instruction type descriptive statistics ............................................................................ 67 Table 14: Between-Subject effects for instruction type ...................................................................... 67 Table 15: Pairwise comparisons for instruction type .................................................................... 68 Table 16: Personality type descriptive statistics ................................................................................ 69 Table 17: Between-Subject effects for personality type ............................................................... 69 Table 18: Combination group descriptive statistics ..........................................................................