FAO -Unesco Soilmap of the world Volume IX Southeast Asia FAO-Unesco Soil map of the world 1: 5 000 000 Volume IX Southeast Asia FAO-Unesco Soil map of the world Volume I Legend Volume II North America Volume III Mexico and Central America Volume IV South America Volume V Europe Volume VI Africa Volume VII South Asia Volume VIIINorth and Central Asia Volume IX Southeast Asia Volume X Australasia FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS NES UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION FAO-Unesco Soilmap of the world : 5 000 000 Volume IX Southeast Asia Prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Unesco-Paris 1979 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations orthe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its author- ities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Printed by Tipolitografia F. Failli, Rome for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Published in 1979 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Place de Fontenoy,75700,Paris © FAO/Unesco 1979 ISBN 92-3-101363-7 Printed in Italy PREFACE The project for a joint FAO/Unesco Soil Map of correlating the studies and drafting the maps and the World was undertaken following a recommenda- text. FAO and Unesco shared the expenses involved tion of the International Society of Soil Science.It in the realization of the project, and Unesco under- is the first attempt to prepare, on the basis of inter- took publication of its results.The services of an national cooperation, a soil map covering allthe associate expert were made available by the Govern- continents of the world in a uniform legend, thus ment of the Netherlands to assist in the preparation enabling the correlation of soil units and comparisons of the soil map of Southeast Asia. on a global scale.The project, which started in 1961, The present volume, covering the soils of South- fills a gap in present knowledge of soil potentialities east Asia, is the ninth of a set of ten which make throughout the world and provides a useful instru- up the complete publication of the Soil Map of the ment in planning agricultural and economic develop- World.The first volume records introductory in- ment programmes. formation and presents the definitions of the elements The project has been carried out under the scientific of the legend which is used uniformly throughout authority of an international advisory panel, within the publication.Each of the nine following volumes the framework of FAO and Unesco programmes. comprises an explanatory text and the corresponding The different stages of the work included comparative map sheets covering the main regions of the world. studies of soil maps, field and laboratory work, and FAO and Unesco wish to express their gratitude the organization of international expert meetings and tothe government institutions,the International study tours.The secretariat of the joint project, Society of Soil Science, and the many individual located at FAO Headquarters, was vested with the soil scientists who have contributed so much to this responsibility of compiling the technical information, international project. CONTENTS Preface 6.Land use and soil suitability 54 Acrisols 55 Cambisols 57 Summaries Rendzinas 59 Ferralsols 59 English Gleysols 61 French Lithosols. 63 Russian.. Fluvisols. 63 Spanish L.Luvisols 64 Nitosols 66 Histosols . 67 I.Introduction Podzols 69 Arenosols. 69 Regosols 70 T.Andosols 71 2.Acknowledgements 3 V. Vertisols 73 Conclusions 74 3.The map 5 Appendix Topographic base . 5 Map units 5 Morphological, chemical and physical prop- Cartographic representation 5 erties of Southeast Asian soils:data from Sources of information 7 selected profiles 77 4.Environmental conditions 9 Figures (at back of volume) Climate 9 Vegetation 14 Climatic regions Geology and lithology 18 Vegetation regions Physiography. 25 Oceanicbasinsandmorphostructural regions Geological regions 5.The soils of Southeast Asia 34 5. Lithological regions 6.Physiographic regions Distribution of major soils 34 7.Soil regions SUMMARY This volume describes the Southeast Asian section units are those that are important to crop growth, of the 1: 5 000 000 Soil Map of the World. the climatic map is supplementary to the soil map in the transfer of crop information from one part of the world to another.Here only the higher The map categories are discussed.The 15climatic regions are outlined on a small-scale map (Figure 1). The Soil Map of Southeast Asia is drawn on topographic base maps of the 1: 5 000 000 series of Vegetation is discussed on the basis of 11 broad the American Geographical Society.The map units vegetation regions distinauished according to habitat are associations of soil units divided in.to texture (either climatic or edaphic) and the physiognomy and slope classes.They are marked on the map and structure of the vegetation.The distribution by symbols.The dominantsoilsare shown by of the vegetation regions is outlined on a small-scale colours and phase differences are shown by over- map (Figure 2).The text gives some brief notes on prints. the location and nature of each region. A small inset map shows three grades of reliability Geology is considered under four morphostructural of the soil information from which the map was regions, 13geologicalregions and 46 geological compiled. units.Oceanic basins and morphostructural regions Detaileddefinitionsof thesoilunits and full are shown in Figure 3, and geological regions in descriptions of all the terms used may be found in Figure 4.Lithology is considered under 10 regions Volume I of the set. in Figure 5.The text outlines the geological origins and nature of the main surfaces at present exposed. The text Physiography is considered under 10 physiographic regions and 30 physiographic units. A small-scale The first chapter describes the development of the map (Figure 6) shows the physiographic regions. project in Southeast Asia and gives some notes on The text gives some brief notes on the landscape uses of the map.The second acknowledges the and location of each region and subt egion. cooperation of the agencies and the many persons who contributed to the map and text, and the third SOILS AND LAND USE aives a summary of the material in Volume I on the map units, legend and sources of information. Chapters 5 and 6, describing the soils of Southeast The main chapters of this volume deal with environ- Asia, contain an extensive table of soil associations, mental conditions, soil distribution and land use and an account of the distribution of the main soils, soil suitability. and a discussion of land use and soil suitabilities for agriculture. The table of soil associations listsall the map ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS unitsinalphabeticalorderof symbols.Other columns show: C hapter 4 contains brief accounts of four environ- mental factors which influence the development and Associated soils use of soils: climate, vegetation, geology and lithology, Inclusions and physiography. Phases Areas of units in1 000 hectares Climate is discussed on the basis of five broad Climate symbols climatic zones.Since the criteria used in delimiting Countries of occurrence Viii SOIL MAP OF SOUTHEAST ASIA The distribution of major soils is discussed on the The dominance of Acrisols, which cover 51 percent basis of 19 broad soil regions and 10 subregions of the region,isnoted, and stressis laid on the which are outlined on a small-scale map (Figure 7). essential management inputs needed toallow for The main soils of each region are discussed in relation agricultural expansion and minimize risks of serious to factors of the environment. and widespread soil degradation. Present land use and suitabilities for agriculture are discussed at first in general.Then the main soils are considered separately,their present use being described and their suitability outlined. The Appendix Site and profile data, including profile descriptions Conclusions and analyses, are given in the Appendix for some of the main soilunits.For easier reference, the A general outline of the distribution of the main soilpi ofilesarelistedinalphabetical order of soil units and their suitability is given in Chapter 6. symbols. RESUME Le present volume décrit la partie relative à l'Asie des sols: climat, vegetation, géologie et lithologie, du Sud-Est de la Carte mondiale des sols au 1 et physiographie. 5 000 000. Le climat est traité sur la base de cinq grandes subdivisionsclimatiques.Etant donneque pour delimiter ces unites on a retenu les critères importants La carte pour la croissance des plantes, la carte climatique complète la carte des sols et doit ètre consultée pour La carte des sols de l'Asie du Sud-Est est établie le transfert des données sur les cultures d'une partie d'après les fonds topographiques au I: 5 000 000 du monde a une autre. 11 n'est tenu compte ici que del'American GeographicalSociety.Lesunites des catégories supérieures. Les 15 régions climatiques cartographiques sont des associations d'unités péclo- sont délimitées sur la carte à petite echelle (figure 1). logiques divisées en classes de texture et de pente. Elles sont indiquées sur la carte par des symboles. La vegetation est répartie en 11grandes regions Les sols dominants sont représentes par des couleurs classées selon l'habitat (climatique ou éclaphique), etles differences de phase sont indiquées en sur- la physionomie et la structure de la vegetation. Ces charge. regions sont localisées sur une carte à petite échelle Une carte à petite echelle reproduite en carton sur (figure 2).