L I E> RAHY OF THE UN IVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 5T0.5 ILL v. 25-30 COP. 2 L I The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN *J'fLO(NGOS£ JUN 14 1^79 JUNU>37«i SEP 1 V>«1 KJtLtffNG USE ONU* L161 — O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/phylogenyclassif25stan The Phytogeny and Classification of the North American Genera of the Suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera) LEWIS J. STANNARD, JR. Illinois biological monographs: Number 25 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1957 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS is the general title for a series of mono- graphs in botany, entomology, zoology, and allied fields. 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LIRRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 57-6958. 6 - '36 Acknowledgments I have received much help from many persons during the preparation of this work. There have been those who collected and presented speci- mens; those with whom I have exchanged material; those who have lent me authentically determined, slide-mounted thrips; and there have been those who shared with me their personal observations and opinions. Then, too, I have been aided by officials of museums and other insti- tutions in the United States of America, Canada, Mexico, Great Britain, and Egypt. Besides personal help and favors, I have received financial aid from the Society of the Sigma Xi and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. In fact, so many have assisted me that to list their names alone would fill several pages. I have acknowledged my grateful appreciation to these persons directly. Collectively and publicly, I repeat my thanks to all those whose names appear in the following pages. Alone I would not have dared tackle the Thysanoptera. Only because of the backing, help, and advice received, was I able to begin and continue the study of these difficult insects. Although indebted to all mentioned herein, I am obligated in particular to Professor H. H. Ross. I single out Professor Ross because he taught me the fundamentals of taxonomy and willingly gave of his time and thoughts to hear my many problems on nomenclature, morphology, and the puzzling problems of variation in the thrips. I am most grateful for his encouragement and guidance. L. J. S., Jr. I vj Contents INTRODUCTION 1 NOTES ON HABITS 4 MORPHOLOGY 6 CLASSIFICATION 14 PHYLOGENY 114 LITERATURE CITED 145 PLATES 159 INDEX 189 [vii] Introduction The Thysanoptera or thrips as an order are the smallest of the pterygote insects. Possibly because of their minuteness only a limited number of students have ever attempted serious studies of them. In North America particularly, there have never been more than a half- dozen thysanopterists actively working at any one time since Fitch described the first American species in 1855. It is not surprising then to find that, as Hood wrote in 1912, "The classification of the order Thysanoptera is admittedly much in need of attention and reliable synopses of genera and species are conspicuously wanting." Today, more than 40 years later, the same long-felt need for synopses still exists, especially of the North American fauna. In the earlier days of thrips investigations several monographs were presented. Uzel's monograph of 1895 became the basis for our modern studies. Shortly after Uzel laid the groundwork, Hinds treated the North American species in 1902. Stimulated by both of these volumes, a number of students took up the study of Thysanoptera; most of them began their work during the decade between 1908 and 1918. It was these thysanopterists, notably Bagnall, Hood, Karny, Moulton, Priesner, and Watson, who diligently described the species, discovered the main diag- nostic features, and devised our system of classification. Other capable workers joined in from time to time, and during the last half century, they and the older students have contributed a plethora of new species and generic descriptions which have appeared in many of the scientific journals of the world. Amidst such a welter of new species and genera, it was indeed a bright note when, in 1949, Priesner published a key to the known genera. Now that a key is available, efforts could profitably be directed toward analytical studies of the groups and even detailed studies of species much as Speyer, Ghabn, and Pelikan have done. In far too many in- stances, however, our keys and descriptions have remained isolated bits of information with little reference to the whole. In recent years, Priesner and Bailey have revised several groups of large size. Although Priesner's works are by far the most comprehensive in treatment and in scope in comparison to any other student's, past or present, most of his studies pertain to exotic faunas, particularly the European, African, and Oriental faunas. [11 Z NORTH AMERICAN GENERA OF TURULIFERA In this country, Bailey has started to monograph the North American species. Shortly he will have completed reviews of the genera in the family Aeolothripidae of the suborder Terebrantia. There remain, how- ever, many hundred more genera in the other families of the Terebrantia and in the other suborder, the Tubulifera, whose classification needs to be revised. In particular, the North American Tubulifera are exceptionally poorly understood. Many species have been assigned to the wrong genus and many genera have been erected without redefinition of the older genera from which they were separated. Furthermore, no recent list of these Tubulifera or even the briefest kind of a catalogue or monograph has been available to serve the needs of students of North American thrips.