Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Český egyptologický ústav Diplomová práce/The thesis Daniel Šichan Přístavy ve starém Egyptě Harbours in ancient Egypt Supervisor of the thesis: Doc. Mgr. Jaromír Krejčí, Ph.D. Nové Město nad Metují 2011 1 Acknowledgement I would like to express my acknowledgement to the head of this thesis, Doc. Mgr. Jaromír Krejčí, Ph.D., for his valuable and helpful comments during creating of this work and especially to Dr Jaromír Málek, Editor of the Topographical Bibliography and Keeper of the Archive in the Griffith Institute in Oxford and his wife Jane Jakeman for their immense support and help as well as beneficial remarks and notes concerning preparation of the English version of this thesis. I am very grateful to them. 2 Statement „I declare that I have created this master thesis separately and only with cited literature and sources“. In: Nové Město nad Metují Day: 31.08.2011 signature 3 Annotation This work presents a general overview concerning the harbours, ports and related installations in ancient Egypt. All information used here come from evidence left by the ancient Egyptians in written, iconographic and archeological form dating from the Early Dynastic to the Late Periods. These data are collected and discussed in the chronological order to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of landing facilities in the Nile valley and on the sea shore. All types of these landing places, known from available evidence are mentioned a described. Beside this also a current state of the research is presented altogether with the most significant scholars and archeologists who influenced the exploration of harbours and ports dating from the Ancient Egypt. The key words: Ancient Egypt, harbour, port, landing stages and facilities 4 Contents List of abbreviations.................................................................................................8 Introduction............................................................................................................9-12 1. Modern terms 'harbour' and 'port' and their meaning.........................................13-17 1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................13-14 ….. 1.1.1 A harbour..................................................................................................15 1.1.2 A port......................................................................................................15-17 2. The problems of the research of the harbours/portd in ancient Egypt................18-20 …2.1 Texts..............................................................................................................18-19 2.2. Iconographic representations..........................................................................19 2.3 Archeological evidence.................................................................................19-20 3. Ancient Egyptian terminology used for harbours/ports and related installations..............................................................................................................21-29 3.1 Lexicography of harbours/ports.......................................................................21 3.1.1 a-DA...........................................................................................................21-22 3.1.2 arrwt/arrjt....................................................................................................22 3.1.3 wxrt/wxrjt................................................................................................22-23 3.1.4 pr n Wsr-HAt-Imn......................................................................................23 3.1.5 pr Haww......................................................................................................23 3.1.6 mniwt........................................................................................................23-24 3.1.7 mrjt..............................................................................................................24 3.1.8 mxAwt........................................................................................................24-25 3.1.9 msprt...........................................................................................................25 3.1.10 sbA.............................................................................................................25 3.1.11 smA-tA......................................................................................................25-26 3.1.12 S................................................................................................................26 3.1.13 tp (n) S......................................................................................................26 3.1.14 dmi..........................................................................................................26-27 3.1.15 DADA...........................................................................................................27 3.1.16 rA-S..........................................................................................................27-29 4. The harbours/ports in the Early Dynastic Period.................................................30-31 4.1 Written evidence..............................................................................................30 4.2 Iconographic evidence.....................................................................................30 5 4.3 Archeological evidence..................................................................................30-31 5. The harbours/ports in the Old Kingdom...............................................................32-74 5.1 Textual evidence.............................................................................................32-36 5.2 Pictorial evidence............................................................................................36-37 5.3 Archeological evidence...................................................................................37-74 5.3.1 Abu Rawash – Radjedef............................................................................39-40 5.3.2 Giza – Kheops...........................................................................................40-44 5.3.3 Khafre........................................................................................................44-49 5.3.4 Menkaure...................................................................................................49-51 5.3.5 Zawiyet el-Aryan – Baka (Bikheris)............................................................51 5.3.6 Abusir – Sahure.........................................................................................51-53 5.3.7 Neferirkare/Niuserre..................................................................................53-54 5.3.8 The Sun Temple of Userkaf.......................................................................54-55 5.3.9 The Sun Temple of Niuserre......................................................................55-56 5.3.10 North Saqqara – Userkaf............................................................................56 5.3.11 Teti..............................................................................................................56 5.3.12 Netjerikhet..................................................................................................57 5.3.13 Unas..........................................................................................................57-65 5.3.14 South Saqqara – Djedkare Isesi................................................................65-66 5.3.15 Pepi I...........................................................................................................66 5.3.16 Merenre.......................................................................................................66 5.3.17 Shepseskaf................................................................................................66-67 5.3.18 Pepi II..........................................................................................................67 5.3.19 Dahshur – Snefru, The Red pyramid.......................................................67-68 5.3.20 Snefru, The Bent pyramid.......................................................................68-70 5.3.21 Maidum – Snefru.........................................................................................70 5.3.22 Elephantine..................................................................................................70 5.4 The problem of the 'Great Canal of Memphis'.....................................................................................................................71-74 6. Harbours/ports during the Middle Kingdom...........................................................75-95 6.1 Written evidence...............................................................................................75-77 6.2 Pictorial evidence.................................................................................................77 6.3 Archeological evidence.....................................................................................77-95 6.3.1 Dahshour – Amenemhet III.........................................................................77-78 6.3.2 Nubia – Semna South.....................................................................................78 6 6.3.3 Serra East....................................................................................................78-79