Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6400 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred Kobsa University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Germany Madhu Sudan Microsoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany Mark Chignell James Cordy Joanna Ng YelenaYesha (Eds.) The Smart Internet Current Research and Future Applications 13 Volume Editors Mark Chignell University of Toronto Ontario, Canada E-mail: [email protected] James Cordy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Joanna Ng IBM Canada Software Laboratories Markham, Ontario, Canada E-mail: [email protected] YelenaYesha University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland, USA E-mail: [email protected] Cover Illustration: © 2010 Robyn Ng – reuse of the image beyond the scope of this book requires the permission of the illustrator. Library of Congress Control Number: 2010936901 CR Subject Classification (1998): H.4, H.3, H.5, C.2, D.2, I.2 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 3 – Information Systems and Application, incl. Internet/Web and HCI ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-642-16598-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-642-16598-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper 06/3180 Foreword I love the idea of a Smart Internet that lets users improve many parts of their lives, pulling together data and services from around the internet. This won’t happen with large unwieldy programming requirements...it will happen because we’re moving towards integrated, simple tasks that users can do on an every day basis. With services available on the cloud, with analytics available, with data that has meaning to the user and not just to some protocol parser - with all of these, users at all levels will be able to do a better job. The users may be small and large enterprises, local governments, individuals, etc. All of this means that as the world is becoming more intelligent, instrumented and more interconnected, we’ll be headed towards smarter health care, smarter cities, and smarter lives.” — Gennaro A. Cuomo, IBM Software Group Vice President and IBM Fellow, WebSphere Chief Technology Officer Congratulations to the team on the publication of this first volume of the IBM CAS Research book series! This is a significant milestone for IBM CAS Research. This series not only captures the innovations resulting from the collaboration across IBM technical leaders, IBM CAS faculty members, as well as our network of distinguished academic partners, it also lays the foundation for ongoing com- mercialization of future research initiatives.” — Judy Huber, IBM Software Group Vice President and Director of IBM Canada Lab Preface It is our great pleasure to introduce this first volume in what we hope will be a series of books presenting research results from the IBM Canada Centre for Advanced Studies; (CAS), which was established in 1990 at the IBM Toronto Software Laboratory. It performs a significant role in bringing together IBM researchers and technical leaders with academic and government research orga- nizations from around the world. The publication of this book coincides with the 20th anniversary of CAS and also the 20th Annual International Research Con- ference hosted by the Centre for Advanced Studies at the IBM Canada Software Laboratory (CASCON 2010). The CASCON “Meeting of Minds” provides an ex- citing annual forum for exchanging ideas and experiences in the ever-expanding and critical fields of software engineering and computing. The origins of this book began with ideas concerning the next generation internet developed by Joanna Ng 1, which were further elaborated in an NSERC Strategic Workshop on the Smart Internet (SITCON 2009). SITCON was orga- nized by James Cordy, Joanna Ng and Mark Chignell, and co-sponsored by the IBM Canada Centre for Advanced Studies. It was held in Markham, Ontario as part of CASCON 2009. The workshop brought together prominent researchers from a diverse set of research areas whose expertise was relevant to the advancing the science base of the Smart Internet vision. Workshop participants included computer scientists, psychologists, practitioners and others from a range of en- gineering disciplines, who presented position papers on a wide range of topics related to the Smart Internet vision and its realization. Following the SITCON 2009 workshop, contributors were invited to submit extended versions of their position papers as potential chapters for this book. Each submission was formally reviewed by at least two members of the Program Committee, consisting of the 14 senior members of the research community listed below; the editors selected papers for acceptance based on this advice. Following a round of revisions in response to the reviewers’ concerns, accepted papers were reviewed once again by the editors, and the final selection of chapters is what you see presented here. The chapters in this book represent a snapshot of current research and con- ceptualization of the Smart Internet. The Smart Internet initiative has been 1 A summer afternoon in 2008 at Uffizi, Florence: it dawned on me that what would have been thought of as obvious advancement in art from flat imagery of Madonna by Pietro Lorenzetti, 1340 to a realistic 3D imagery of Madonna by Raphael, 1505 actually took almost two centuries. Studying the progression of these images of Madonna inspired me to imagine the obvious advancement that the 20 year old internet needed, thus came the idea of Smart Internet. I was hoping that it would not even take a decade! — Joanna VIII Preface spearheaded by IBM and aims to extend and transform the Web so that it is centered on the user, with the Web as a “calm” platform ubiquitously providing cognitive support to its users and their tasks. In addition to some initial moti- vating chapters, the chapters in this book are concerned with two major research areas for enabling the Smart Internet, namely, smart interactions and smart ser- vices. Many of the chapters in the book grew out of earlier papers presented at the workshop. We would like to thank the workshop participants for bringing their exper- tise and enthusiasm to this event and we would particularly like to thank the authors who chose to share their research in this book. We could not have pro- duced a quality result without the incisive reviewing of the Program Committee members, who we thank for their hard work and dedication. The preparation of this book benefited greatly from the preparatory work done at the workshop itself, and we are very grateful for the generous support of both NSERC and the IBM Canada Centre for Advanced Studies in making the workshop possi- ble. A number of people put a lot of effort into organizing the workshop, and we would particularly like to thank Emilia Tung, Stephen Perelgut, Debbie Kil- bride, Jimmy Lo, and Leho Nigul of the IBM Canada Laboratories for their help. Finally, we would also particularly like to thank Ryan Kealey for his help in the final editing and formatting of the chapters, as well as Danielle Nicholls for her editing assistance. For doing the illustration for the book, we would like to thank Robyn Ng. Special thanks go to Alfred Hofmann and the team at Springer for their assistance in the preparation of this book. August 2010 Mark Chignell James R. Cordy Joanna Ng Yelena Yesha Dedications Joanna. To my Heavenly Father who affirms that I am His beloved, to my late father, who always took joy in finding smart solutions to day-to-day problems and to Terry, Robyn and Evelyn, who are very special people in my life. Yelena. To my mother Valentina Preface IX Program Committee Marsha Chechik University of Toronto Mark Chignell University of Toronto JamesR.Cordy QueensUniversity Hans-Arno Jacobsen University of Toronto Patrick Martin Queen’s University Joanna McGrenere University of British Columbia Hausi M¨uller University of Victoria Joanna Ng IBM Canada Centre for Advanced Studies Kamran Sartipi McMaster University Ian Spence University of Toronto Margaret-Anne Storey University of Victoria Eleni Stroulia University of Alberta Jens Weber-Jahnke University of Victoria Yelena Yesha University of Maryland, Baltimore County About the Editors Mark Chignell is a professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto, where he has been on the faculty since 1990. Prior to that he was an assistant professor in Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Southern California from 1984 to 1990.