V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A. H. Lamers, Edited by “What is needed today is to understand and implement different and innovative ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY approaches – far different from the conventional green revolution type of crop improvement. This book shows the way to make this a reality. It demonstrates how to integrate the innovation of smallholder farmers into large-scale research for development by selecting farmers’ best fruit varieties, employing locally developed good practices and restoring degraded lands with diverse fruit species that at the same time sustainably improve the diets of the poor.” - —From the foreword by Ann Tutwiler, Director General, Bioversity International armers have developed a range of agricultural practices to sustainably use and main- tain a wide diversity of crop species in many parts of the world. This book documents Fgood practices innovated by farmers and collects key reviews on good practices from global experts, not only from the case study countries but also from Brazil, China and Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity other parts of Asia and Latin America. A good practice for diversity is defined as a system, organization or process that, over time and space, maintains, enhances and creates crop genetic diversity, and ensures its availabil- ity to and from farmers and other users. Drawing on experiences from a UNEP-GEF project on “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wild and Cultivated Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity for Promoting Livelihoods, Food Security and Ecosystem Services”, with case studies from India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, the authors show how methods for identifying good practices are still evolving and challenges in scaling-up remain. They identify key principles effective as a strategy for mainstreaming good practice into development efforts. Few books draw principles and lessons learned from good practices. This book fills this gap by combining good practices from the research project on tropical fruit trees with chapters from external experts to broaden its scope and relevance. Tropical Fruit Bhuwon Sthapit is an in situ conservation specialist at Bioversity International based in Pokhara, Nepal. Tree Diversity Hugo A.H. Lamers is an associate scientist at Bioversity International based in New Delhi, India. V. Ramanatha Rao has worked in plant genetic resources at ICRISAT (Hyderabad, India) and at Bioversity GOOD PRACTICES FOR IN SITU AND ON-FARM International (Italy, Singapore and Malaysia). Arwen Bailey is Science Editor at Bioversity International based in Rome, Italy. CONSERVATION EDITED BY Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A. H. Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey Cover photos: Bhuwon Sthapit ENVIRONMENT / AGRICULTURE / ECOLOGY www.routledge.com Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity Farmers have developed a range of agricultural practices to sustainably use and maintain a wide diversity of crop species in many parts of the world. This book documents good practices innovated by farmers and collects key reviews on good practices from global experts, not only from the case study countries but also from Brazil, China and other parts of Asia and Latin America. A good practice for diversity is defined as a system, organization or process that, over time and space, maintains, enhances and creates crop genetic diversity, and ensures its availability to and from farmers and other users. Drawing on experiences from a UNEP-GEF project on ‘Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wild and Cultivated Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity for Promoting Livelihoods, Food Security and Ecosystem Services’, with case studies from India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, the authors show how methods for identifying good practices are still evolving and challenges in scaling-up remain. They identify key principles effective as a strategy for mainstreaming good practice into development efforts. Few books draw principles and lessons learned from good practices. This book fills this gap by combining good practices from the research project on tropical fruit trees with chapters from external experts to broaden its scope and relevance. Bhuwon Sthapit is an in situ conservation specialist at Bioversity International based in Pokhara, Nepal. Hugo A.H. Lamers is an associate scientist at Bioversity International based in New Delhi, India. V. Ramanatha Rao has worked in plant genetic resources at ICRISAT (Hyderabad, India) and at Bioversity International (Italy, Singapore and Malaysia). Arwen Bailey is science editor at Bioversity International based in Rome, Italy. Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity Series editors: Michael Halewood and Danny Hunter This series of books is published by Earthscan in association with Bioversity International. The aim of the series is to review the current state of knowledge in topical issues associated with agricultural biodiversity, to identify gaps in our knowledge base, to synthesize lessons learned and to propose future research and development actions. The overall objective is to increase the sustainable use of biodiversity in improving people’s well-being and food and nutrition security. The series’ scope is all aspects of agricultural biodiversity, ranging from conservation biology of genetic resources through social sciences to policy and legal aspects. It also covers the fields of research, education, communication and coordination, information management and knowledge sharing. Published titles: Crop Wild Relatives A Manual of in situ Conservation Edited by Danny Hunter and Vernon Heywood The Economics of Managing Crop Diversity On-Farm Case Studies from the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative Edited by Edilegnaw Wale, Adam Drucker and Kerstin Zander Plant Genetic Resources and Food Security Stakeholder Perspectives on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Edited by Christine Frison, Francisco López and José T. Esquinas Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons Challenges in International Law and Governance Edited by Michael Halewood, Isabel López Noriega and Selim Louafi Community Biodiversity Management Promoting Resilience and the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources Edited by Walter S. de Boef, Abishkar Subedi, Nivaldo Peroni and Marja Thijssen Diversifying Food and Diets Using Agricultural Biodiversity to Improve Nutrition and Health Edited by Jessica Fanzo, Danny Hunter, Teresa Borelli and Federico Mattei Community Seed Banks Origins, Evolution and Prospects Edited by Ronnie Vernooy, Pitambar Shrestha and Bhuwon Sthapit Farmers’ Crop Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Challenges in Taxonomy and Law Michael Halewood Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity Good practices for in situ and on-farm conservation Edited by Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A.H. Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity Good practices for in situ and on-farm conservation Edited by Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A.H. Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Bioversity International All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Sthapit, Bhuwon. Title: Tropical fruit tree biodiversity : good practices for in situ and on-farm conservation / edited by Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A.H. Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey. Description: New York : Routledge, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015039779| ISBN 9781138781276 (hbk) | ISBN 9781315758459 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Fruit trees—Conservation—Tropics. Classification: LCC SB359 .T679 2016 | DDC 634—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039779 ISBN: 978-1-138-78127-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-75845-9 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon Contents List of illustrations xi List of contributors xix List of abbreviations and acronyms xxxi List of species xxxv Acknowledgements xxxvii Foreword xl Preface xlii PART 1 Setting context 1 1 On-farm and in situ conservation of tropical fruit tree diversity: context and conceptual framework 3 BHUWON STHAPIT, HUGO A.H. LAMERS, V. RAMANATHA RAO, ARWEN BAILEY, PERCY SAJISE AND PAUL QUEK 2 Key concepts 23 BHUWON STHAPIT, V. RAMANATHA RAO AND HUGO A.H. LAMERS 3 Community Biodiversity Management as an approach for realizing on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity 31 BHUWON STHAPIT, HUGO A.H. LAMERS, V. RAMANATHA RAO AND ARWEN BAILEY 4 Custodians of tropical fruit tree diversity: identifying and strengthening the roles and rights of custodian farmers 67 BHUWON STHAPIT, HUGO A.H. LAMERS AND V. RAMANATHA RAO vi Contents PART 2 Good practices of agricultural biodiversity management and sustainable use 81 5 Good practices for conservation and sustainable use of