DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2009 HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION SUBCOMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina, Chairman JOSE´ E. SERRANO, New York HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky CAROLYN C. KILPATRICK, Michigan JOHN R. CARTER, Texas CIRO RODRIGUEZ, Texas ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama NITA M. LOWEY, New York KAY GRANGER, Texas CHET EDWARDS, Texas JOHN E. PETERSON, Pennsylvania LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, Texas SAM FARR, California CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Obey, as Chairman of the Full Committee, and Mr. Lewis, as Ranking Minority Member of the Full Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees. BEVERLY PHETO, STEPHANIE GUPTA, JEFF ASHFORD, SHALANDA YOUNG, JIM HOLM, and ADAM WILSON, Staff Assistants PART 2 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Page Management Challenges .................................................................................. 1 Land Border Enforcement .............................................................................. 93 Candidate Protection: Balancing the U.S. Secret Service Workload ... 197 Improving the Efficiency of the Aviation Security System .................... 319 Investing in Science and Technology ........................................................... 557 Questions for the Record from the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center .............................................................................................. 693 Outside Witness Testimony ............................................................................. 715 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations VerDate Aug 31 2005 00:18 Jun 19, 2008 Jkt 042401 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 7513 Sfmt 7513 E:\HR\OC\42401P1.XXX 42401P1 wwoods2 on PRODPC68 with HEARING PART 2—DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2009 VerDate Aug 31 2005 00:18 Jun 19, 2008 Jkt 042401 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 E:\HR\OC\42401P1.XXX 42401P1 wwoods2 on PRODPC68 with HEARING with PRODPC68 on wwoods2 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2009 HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION SUBCOMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina, Chairman JOSE´ E. SERRANO, New York HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky CAROLYN C. KILPATRICK, Michigan JOHN R. CARTER, Texas CIRO RODRIGUEZ, Texas ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama NITA M. LOWEY, New York KAY GRANGER, Texas CHET EDWARDS, Texas JOHN E. PETERSON, Pennsylvania LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, Texas SAM FARR, California CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Obey, as Chairman of the Full Committee, and Mr. Lewis, as Ranking Minority Member of the Full Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees. BEVERLY PHETO, STEPHANIE GUPTA, JEFF ASHFORD, SHALANDA YOUNG, JIM HOLM, and ADAM WILSON, Staff Assistants PART 2 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Page Management Challenges .................................................................................. 1 Land Border Enforcement .............................................................................. 93 Candidate Protection: Balancing the U.S. Secret Service Workload ... 197 Improving the Efficiency of the Aviation Security System .................... 319 Investing in Science and Technology ........................................................... 557 Questions for the Record from the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center .............................................................................................. 693 Outside Witness Testimony ............................................................................. 715 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 42–401 WASHINGTON : 2008 VerDate Aug 31 2005 00:18 Jun 19, 2008 Jkt 042401 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 7513 Sfmt 7513 E:\HR\OC\42401P1.XXX 42401P1 wwoods2 on PRODPC68 with HEARING VerDate Aug 31 2005 00:18 Jun 19, 2008 Jkt 042401 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 7513 Sfmt 7513 E:\HR\OC\42401P1.XXX 42401P1 wwoods2 on PRODPC68 with HEARING COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS DAVID R. OBEY, Wisconsin, Chairman JOHN P. MURTHA, Pennsylvania JERRY LEWIS, California NORMAN D. DICKS, Washington C. W. BILL YOUNG, Florida ALAN B. MOLLOHAN, West Virginia RALPH REGULA, Ohio MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky PETER J. VISCLOSKY, Indiana FRANK R. WOLF, Virginia NITA M. LOWEY, New York JAMES T. WALSH, New York JOSE´ E. SERRANO, New York DAVID L. HOBSON, Ohio ROSA L. DELAURO, Connecticut JOE KNOLLENBERG, Michigan JAMES P. MORAN, Virginia JACK KINGSTON, Georgia JOHN W. OLVER, Massachusetts RODNEY P. FRELINGHUYSEN, New Jersey ED PASTOR, Arizona TODD TIAHRT, Kansas DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina ZACH WAMP, Tennessee CHET EDWARDS, Texas TOM LATHAM, Iowa ROBERT E. ‘‘BUD’’ CRAMER, JR., Alabama ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama PATRICK J. KENNEDY, Rhode Island JO ANN EMERSON, Missouri MAURICE D. HINCHEY, New York KAY GRANGER, Texas LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California JOHN E. PETERSON, Pennsylvania SAM FARR, California VIRGIL H. GOODE, JR., Virginia JESSE L. JACKSON, JR., Illinois RAY LAHOOD, Illinois CAROLYN C. KILPATRICK, Michigan DAVE WELDON, Florida ALLEN BOYD, Florida MICHAEL K. SIMPSON, Idaho CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, Texas STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, New Jersey MARK STEVEN KIRK, Illinois SANFORD D. BISHOP, JR., Georgia ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida MARION BERRY, Arkansas DENNIS R. REHBERG, Montana BARBARA LEE, California JOHN R. CARTER, Texas TOM UDALL, New Mexico RODNEY ALEXANDER, Louisiana ADAM SCHIFF, California KEN CALVERT, California MICHAEL HONDA, California JO BONNER, Alabama BETTY MCCOLLUM, Minnesota STEVE ISRAEL, New York TIM RYAN, Ohio C.A. ‘‘DUTCH’’ RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida CIRO RODRIGUEZ, Texas ROB NABORS, Clerk and Staff Director (II) VerDate Aug 31 2005 00:18 Jun 19, 2008 Jkt 042401 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 7513 Sfmt 7513 E:\HR\OC\42401P1.XXX 42401P1 wwoods2 on PRODPC68 with HEARING DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2009 WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 2008. MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES—INSPECTOR GENERAL AND GAO WITNESSES DAVID M. WALKER, COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES RICHARD L. SKINNER, INSPECTOR GENERAL, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN PRICE Mr. PRICE. The subcommittee will come to order. Good morning, everyone. I would like to welcome you to our first hearing of cal- endar year 2008 as we look toward the fiscal year 2009 budget. Over the coming months we plan to have 16 hearings focusing on every aspect of the Department of Homeland Security, culmi- nating with an appearance by Secretary Chertoff in April. The Department of Homeland Security will be five years old in three weeks. Even though we all knew that this reorganization forming the Department would be the most ambitious govern- mental reorganization of our lifetimes, I am not sure anyone fully anticipated the difficulties the Department has faced, especially the numerous changes in Departmental leadership. We have had two Secretaries, three Deputy Secretaries, numer- ous changes in agency heads and on and on. This Department needed stability and leadership, and it has not had the kind of sta- bility that would have ensured superior performance. Too often we hear about a breakdown in the Department that ap- pears to stem from flawed judgment. We have heard about a staged FEMA press conference and an ICE Halloween party that was at best distasteful. We also heard about TSA leaders informing screeners about when they were going to be tested, messing up in essence the premise of the test. I could go on, but I do not really need to. There has been some questionable judgment on the part of leadership in the Depart- ment, and that has affected performance, it has affected morale, and it needs to be corrected. Employee morale at DHS is the lowest in the federal government. The Department has poor procurement practices and poor finan- cial management, as many of the Inspector General and GAO re- ports issued in the past year have demonstrated. We know the De- partment has weak computer security controls. (1) VerDate Aug 31 2005 23:15 Jun 18, 2008 Jkt 042401 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 E:\HR\OC\A401P2.XXX A401P2 mstockstill on PROD1PC66 with HEARING 2 We know from reports that today’s witnesses have issued that there are numerous security problems on our northern border. Again, the list is long, and the witnesses this morning have con- tributed greatly to our understanding of the challenges that the Department faces. Last year GAO issued its high risk list, which included the Homeland Security Department. Just last month the Inspector General issued a report on what he sees as major management challenges facing the Department. These include catastrophic dis- aster response, acquisition, grants and financial management, in- frastructure protection, border security, transportation security, in- formation technology management and trade operations. Now, our subcommittee is not seeking daily headlines. We want to acknowledge and encourage areas of progress where they have occurred, and we will have some of that this morning as well from our witnesses. We also want to point out and correct, or at least get on the path to correction, deficiencies. We want to see problems fixed, and we want to