Characterization and Potential of Home Energy Management (HEM) Technology Prepared by: Dr. Beth Karlin, University of California, Irvine Dr. Rebecca Ford, Victoria University of Wellington Dr. Angela Sanguinetti, University of California, Davis Cassandra Squiers, University of California, Santa Barbara John Gannon, University of California, Berkeley Mukund Rajukumar, University of California, Berkeley Dr. Kat A. Donnelly, Empower Efficiency, LLC Prepared for: David Thayer Pacific Gas and Electric Company Issued: February 2015 Cite as: Karlin, B., Ford, R., Sanguinetti, A., Squiers, C., Gannon, J., Rajukumar, M., & Donnelly, K.A. (2015). Characterization and Potential of Home Energy Management (HEM) Technology. San Francisco, CA: Pacific Gas and Electric. Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 5! 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 8! 2. Methods..................................................................................................................................... 11! 2.1. Defining the Landscape ..................................................................................................... 11! 2.2 Technology Assessment ...................................................................................................... 12! 2.3 Delphi Study ....................................................................................................................... 12! 2.4 Savings and Adoption Assessment ..................................................................................... 14! 3. The Home Energy Management Landscape ............................................................................. 15! 3.1 HEM Objectives and Benefits ............................................................................................ 15! 3.2 HEMS Operational Definition ............................................................................................ 16! 3.3 HEM Functionalities ........................................................................................................... 17! 3.4 Network Capabilities .......................................................................................................... 22! 4. Technology Assessment ............................................................................................................ 24! 4.1 User Interface ...................................................................................................................... 25! 4.1.1 Energy Portal ............................................................................................................... 26! 4.1.2 In-Home Display .......................................................................................................... 27! 4.1.3 Load Monitor ............................................................................................................... 28! 4.2 Smart Hardware .................................................................................................................. 29! 4.2.1 Smart Appliances ......................................................................................................... 30! 4.2.2 Smart Thermostats ....................................................................................................... 31! 4.2.3 Smart Lighting ............................................................................................................. 32! 4.2.4 Smart Plugs .................................................................................................................. 33! 4.2.5 Smart Hubs................................................................................................................... 34! 4.3 Software Platforms .............................................................................................................. 35! 4.3.1 Smart Home Platform .................................................................................................. 36! 4.3.2 Data Analytics Platform ............................................................................................... 37! 4.3.3 Web Services Platform ................................................................................................ 38! 4.4 Protocols and Players .......................................................................................................... 39! 5. HEMS Savings Potential .......................................................................................................... 42! 5.1 Savings from Information-based HEMS ............................................................................ 42! 5.2 Savings from Control-based HEMS ................................................................................... 45! 2 5.3 Savings from Integrated Solutions ...................................................................................... 47! 5.4 Limitations of Savings Estimates ........................................................................................ 47! 6. HEMS Adoption ....................................................................................................................... 51! 6.1 Diffusion of Innovation: An Overview ............................................................................... 51! 6.2 The Knowledge Stage ......................................................................................................... 53! 6.3 The Persuasion Stage .......................................................................................................... 54! 6.4 The Decision Stage ............................................................................................................. 58! 6.5 The Implementation Stage .................................................................................................. 63! 6.6 The Confirmation Stage ...................................................................................................... 64! 6.7 Limitations of Adoption Research ...................................................................................... 64! 7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 65! 7.1 Market Evolution ................................................................................................................ 65! 7.2 Key Barriers ........................................................................................................................ 66! 7.2.1 Interoperability ............................................................................................................. 66! 7.2.2 Data Privacy and Security ............................................................................................ 67! 7.2.3 Consumer Engagement ............................................................................................... 68! 7.3 The Role of the Utility ........................................................................................................ 69! References ..................................................................................................................................... 72! Appendix A: HEMS Product List ................................................................................................. 81! Appendix B: Brief Product Reports .............................................................................................. 93! Energy Portal ............................................................................................................................ 93! Opower: Energy Efficiency Solution .................................................................................... 93! C3 Energy: Residential Solution ........................................................................................... 94! SmartThings: SmartThings Mobile ....................................................................................... 95! Load Monitor ............................................................................................................................ 96! Belkin: Conserve Insight Energy-Use Monitor .................................................................... 96! Reliance Control: AmWatt Appliance Load Tester .............................................................. 97! P3 International: Kill-A-Watt ................................................................................................ 98! In-Home Display ....................................................................................................................... 99! Rainforest Automation: EMU-2 ............................................................................................ 99! Wink Inc: Relay .................................................................................................................. 100! Energy Inc.: TED 5000-C ................................................................................................... 101! Smart Appliance ...................................................................................................................... 102! 3 GE: Brillion Profile Oven ................................................................................................... 102! Whirlpool: Smart Washer ................................................................................................... 103!