Sky-High 2010 Andromeda Galaxy – Messier 31 The 18th annual guide to astronomical phenomena visible from Ireland during the year ahead (naked-eye, binocular and beyond) By John O’Neill and Liam Smyth Published by the Irish Astronomical Society € 5 P.O. Box 2547, Dublin 14, Ireland. e-mail: [email protected] www.irishastrosoc.org Page 1 Contents Foreword 3 Your Night Sky Primer We send greetings to all fellow astronomers and 5 Sky Diary 2010 welcome them to this, the eighteenth edition of Sky-High. 8 Phases of Moon; Sunrise and Sunset for 2010 9 The Planets in 2010 We thank the following contributors for their articles: Patricia Carroll, John Flannery and James 12 Eclipses in 2010 O’Connor. The remaining material was written by the editors John O’Neill and Liam Smyth. The Gal- 13 Comets in 2010 lery has images and drawings by Society members. 15 Meteors Showers in 2010 The times of sunrise etc. are from SUNRISE by J. O’Neill. 16 Asteroids in 2010 We are always glad to hear what you liked, or 17 Variable Stars in 2010 what you would like to have included in Sky-High. 19 Irish Men (and Women) on the Moon If we have slipped up on any matter of fact, let us know. We can put a correction in future issues. 22 Pin Pointing the Image And if you have any problem with understanding the contents or would like more information on 23 Astronomy Satellites and Planetary Probes any topic, feel free to contact us at the Society e- 24 How big is the Naked-Eye Universe ? mail address [email protected]. Any updates or errata for Sky-High will be posted at the Sky-High 26 Space Missions in 2010 2010 update page: www.irishastrosoc.org/skyhigh/skyhigh.htm 27-28 Gallery Up-to-date news of IAS activities and links to sites of interest on the internet can be found on our website at www.irishastrosoc.org. Wishing you clear skies for 2010, On the Society website is Sky and Gallery which John O’Neill and Liam Smyth highlights some celestial events featured in Sky- High. Also featured will be unpredicted events such Sky-High 2010 © IAS, 2009 as bright comets and bright supernovae. The Irish Astronomical Society The Irish Astronomical Society was founded in The Society also has a well stocked library of 1937. It caters for those of all ages and interests in books, journals and videos that members can bor- astronomy and space. row as well as access to a number of telescopes that can be loaned for a period. You don’t have to be an expert to be part of our dynamic club. Many of our members are taking A number of IAS members have made their own their first steps in the hobby and you are sure to telescope, while others possess telescopes ranging receive friendly advice from some of the more ex- in size to well above 50 cm aperture. Many are now perienced amateur astronomers among us. experimenting with the latest technologies to hit the amateur community such as CCD cameras. Activities include monthly meetings, receiving our bi-monthly newsletter Orbit, observing groups, If you are considering purchasing a telescope e-mail alert notices of transient astronomical phe- then we’ll point you in the right direction before nomena such as aurora, and outings to places of you take the plunge and part with your hard- astronomical interest. earned cash. Members have joined expeditions to observe The Dublin Sidewalk Astronomers hold public several total solar eclipses world wide. Also note, star parties at regular intervals, usually in Sky-High is a free benefit of IAS membership. Sandymount, Dublin (see IAS website for details). Page 2 Your Night Sky Primer As with any hobby, astronomy seems to have For more detailed studies, especially with bin- its own set of terminology designed to confuse. oculars or a small telescope you will need a more However, with a little patience you'll soon pick up detailed map showing all stars to at least sixth the jargon and be well on the way to knowing your magnitude. A more recent entry is the Pocket Star way around the sky. Atlas published by Sky Publishing for about €16. This shows stars to magnitude 7.6 and the positions The revolving heavens of many deep-sky objects. We all know the Heavens don't revolve, it is the other way round, the Earth rotates on its axis. But An idea of size or scale it looks otherwise and it is easier to describe things If you have seen a picture of a total eclipse of as we see them for our immediate purpose. The the Sun you will have noticed that the black disk of fact that the Earth turns on its axis about every 24 the Moon just about covers the bright disk of The hours causes the Sun to rise in the east and set in Sun. If you were to suspend a one Euro coin about the west, and it is due south at noon. A similar two and a half metres in front of your eye, it situation applies to all the other heavenly bodies would just about cover the Moon's disk. except that since they appear to move relative to the Sun they are not south every day at noon. The Sun is nearly 1.4 million km in diameter, the Moon is 3476 km and the one Euro coin is just The stars appear to drift west in such a way over two centimetres in size. Yet they appear that any particular star is due south four minutes nearly equal. This is because they all seem to take earlier each day or night. If you multiply four min- up the same amount of the space in front of our utes by 365 you get something close to 24 hours. eyes. We may say they have the same angular di- So if a star is south at eight o'clock tonight, it will ameter. In this case it is about half a degree (½°). be south four minutes earlier tomorrow, and two hours earlier in a month. In six months it will be Degrees are further divided into 60 arcminutes south at about eight in the morning. In a year it (60') with each arcminute made up of 60 arc- will again be south at eight in the evening. It fol- seconds (60"). The scale allows us to measure an- lows that we see different constellations in differ- gles in the sky or apparent size of a celestial ob- ent seasons, but over a year, we see all that por- ject. For example, the Full Moon measures an aver- tion of the heavens that can be seen from Ireland. age of half a degree, or 30 arcminutes, in diame- ter. Star maps You will need at least one star map. This could Your closed fist held at arms length is about ten be a set of monthly charts such as are included in degrees (10°). Your stretched out hand, i.e. from many books on astronomy. A Planisphere is very the tip of your thumb to the tip of your little fin- useful. They come in various sizes at equivalent ger, is about twenty degrees. Between four and cost. It allows you to show the constellations visi- five outstretched hands or twice as many closed ble at any time of the night, any time in the year. fists will take you from the horizon to zenith. If you know the Plough you will find that its overall You could get away with using the monthly length is rather more than one outstretched hand - charts published in newspapers but there are a it is almost 25 degrees. couple of drawbacks. Each chart is correct for only one time on a given night, say 10 p.m. If you are Some familiarity with angular measure is neces- observing two hours later you would need the fol- sary to find your way easily about the sky. lowing month's chart. These charts also show the planets visible for a particular month, so they can Positioning in the sky be confusing unless you tippex them out. When Starting at any landmark and going right around learning the constellations check first from the the horizon is three hundred and sixty degrees. The monthly notes if there is a bright planet in the azimuth of an object is a measure of its position area. relative to the horizon as measured from true north which starts at 0° with due east being 90° Once you can find the constellations you will and so on. Going from a point on the horizon enjoy learning more about them. straight up to the point overhead - the zenith - is ninety degrees and a measure of altitude. A useful guide is the Collins Pocket Guide Stars Astronomers use a kind of celestial longitude & Planets (now in its 4th edition) which has constel- and latitude called right ascension and declina- lation charts as well as all sky charts, along with tion to accurately plot the position of an object in sections on the stars and planets. the sky. Page 3 tion once again. The basis for this system is the equator and the poles. A note on time Times throughout Sky-High are given, unless Right ascension is expressed in hours (h), minutes noted otherwise, in Universal Time (UT). This is (m) and seconds (s) running eastward from 0 to 24 the 24-hour system starting at mean midnight as hours right round the equator.