ARMY TM 5-852-4 AIR FORCE AFM 88-19, Chap. 4 ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC CONSTRUCTION FOUNDATIONS FOR STRUCTURES DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AND THE AIR FORCE OCTOBER 1983 TM 5-852-4/AFM 88-19, Chap. 4 REPRODUCTION AUTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and, except to the extent indicated below, is public property and not subject to copyright. Copyrighted material included in the manual has been used with the knowledge and permission of the proprietors and is acknowledged as such at point of use. Anyone wishing to make further use of any copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek necessary permission directly from the proprietors. Reprints or republications of the manual should include a credit substantially as follows: "Joint Departments of the Army and the Air Force, USA, Technical Manual TM 5-852-4/AFM 88-19, Chap. 4, Arctic and Subarctic Construction, Foundations for Structures, 15 October 1983." If the reprint or republication includes copyrighted material, the credit should also state: "Anyone wishing to make further use of copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek necessary permission directly from the proprietors." *TM 5-852-4/AFM 88-19, Chap. 4 Technical Manual HEADQUARTERS No. 5-852-4 DEPARTMENTS OF THE AR MY AIR FORCE MANUAL } AND THE AIR FORCE No. 88-19, Chapter 4 Washington, DC, 15 October 1983 ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC CONSTRUCTION FOUNDATIONS FOR STRUCTURES Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Paragraph Page Purpose and scope.................................................................................................................1-1 1-1 Environmental conditions in the Arctic and Subarctic..............................................................1-2 1-1 2. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING FOUNDATION DESIGN Thermal effects.......................................................................................................................2-1 2-1 Seasonal frost heave and settlement......................................................................................2-2 2-3 Groundwater...........................................................................................................................2-3 2-5 Effect of surcharge..................................................................................................................2-4 2-8 Foundation materials..............................................................................................................2-5 2-11 Structural materials.................................................................................................................2-6 2-26 3. SITE INVESTIGATIONS General...................................................................................................................................3-1 3-1 Remote sensing and geophysical investigation.......................................................................3-2 3-1 Detailed direct site exploration ................................................................................................3-3 3-2 Site technical data...................................................................................................................3-4 3-3 4. FOUNDATION DESIGN Selection of foundation type....................................................................................................4-1 4-1 Control of heat transfer and degredation.................................................................................4-2 4-6 Control of movement and distortion from freeze and thaw......................................................4-3 4-59 Allowable design stresses on basis of ultimate strength.........................................................4-4 4-72 Estimation of creep deformation.............................................................................................4-5 4-77 Dynamic loading.....................................................................................................................4-6 4-83 Design of footing, rafts and piers............................................................................................4-7 4-92 Piling.......................................................................................................................................4-8 4-109 Grade beams..........................................................................................................................4-9 4-144 Walls and retaining structures.................................................................................................4-10 4-144 Tower foundations..................................................................................................................4-11 4-147 Bridge foundations..................................................................................................................4-12 4-152 Culverts..................................................................................................................................4-13 4-155 Anchorages.............................................................................................................................4-14 4-156 Foundations for non-heated facilities......................................................................................4-15 4-158 Utilidor and pipeline foundations.............................................................................................4-16 4-160 Connections of utilities to buildings.........................................................................................4-17 4-160 Drainage around structures.....................................................................................................4-18 4-160 Stability of slopes during thaw.................................................................................................4-19 4-164 5. SURVEY DATUM POINTS Permanent datum points.........................................................................................................5-1 5-1 Temporary datum points..........................................................................................................5-2 5-3 6. CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS Effect of construction procedures on design...........................................................................6-1 6-1 Excavation..............................................................................................................................6-2 6-1 Excavation..............................................................................................................................6-2 6-1 Embankment and backfill........................................................................................................6-3 6-3 Placing concrete under freezing conditions.............................................................................6-4 6-4 Protection against the environment.........................................................................................6-5 6-11 7. MONITORING PERFORMANCE General...................................................................................................................................7-1 7-1 Inspections..............................................................................................................................7-2 7-1 Vertical movement measurement............................................................................................7-3 7-1 Temperature sensing..............................................................................................................7-4 7-1 Other systems for freeze and thaw monitoring........................................................................7-5 7-3 Monitoring groundwater..........................................................................................................7-6 7-4 *This manual supersedes TM 5-852-4, October 1954. i TM 5-852-4/AFM 88-19, Chap. 4 Appendix A. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................................A-1 B. BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................................................................B-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Stages of Relative Human Comfort and the Environmental Effects of Atmospheric Cooling.............................................1-7 2-1. Approximate Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion per °C.........................................................................................2-3 2-2. Specific Gravity and Strength of Wood.............................................................................................................................2-28 2-3. Moisture Distribution in Cellular Glass after 20 Years Burial in the Annual Frost Zone, Fairbanks, Alaska.......................2-40 3-1. Example of Settlement Estimate-Location A, figure 3-7....................................................................................................3-11 4-1. n-Factors for Freeze and Thaw (Ration of Surface Index to Air Index).............................................................................4-8 4-2. Thaw Penetration Beneath a Slab-on-Grade Building Constructed on Permafrost...........................................................4-17 4-3. Recommended Perimeter Insulation for Various Design Winter Temperatures................................................................4-56 4-4. Allowable Design Cohesive Stress for Saturated Frozen Soils in T/ft' on Basis