ANGLICIZATION OF SHARĪ‘AH BY ANGLO-INDIAN COURTS AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTANI LAW: A CASE STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WAQF, INHERITANCE AND EQUITY A THESIS PRESENTED FOR Ph. D SHARĪʻAH (Islamic Law & Jurisprudence) Submitted by Supervised by Usmat Batool Prof. Dr.Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 30-SF/PhD/S09 Professor of of Sharī‘ah & Law Director General Islamic Research Institue International Islamic University Islamabad DEPARTMENT OF SHARIʻAH AND LAW FACULTY SHARIʻAH & LAW INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 2017 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Usmat Batool D/O Muhammad Hussain Shah, student of Ph.D Sharī‘ah has completed her thesis titled, ‘Anglicization of Sharī‘ah in Anglo-Indian Courts and its Impact on Pakistani Law: A Case Study with Special Reference to Waqf, Inheritance and Equity’ under my guidance and supervision. I am satisfied with work of the student and approve it for submission. Research Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zia ul Haq Director General Islamic Research Institute IIU, Islamabad DEDICATED TO MY MENTORS Dr. Saeed ur Rehman Dr. Muhammad Zia ul Haq Dr. Muhammad Munir Table of Contents Introduction of the Research ............................................................................................... 2 1. Importance and Significance of Research ....................................................................... 2 2. Thesis Statement ........................................................................................................... 13 3. Statement of the Research Problems............................................................................. 14 4. Scope and Limitations of Study .................................................................................... 15 5. Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 15 6. Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 23 7. Outline of the Research ................................................................................................. 24 Chapter No. 1: Anglicization of Sharīʻah Law in Sub-Continent during Colonial Rule . 28 1. Islamic Law during Muslim Rule in India .................................................................... 29 2. English Law in India ..................................................................................................... 36 3. Anglicization of Sharī‘ah Through the Creation of Anglo-Muhammadan Law ........... 45 3.1 Translation of Sources of Islamic Law ....................................................................... 45 3.2 Appointment of English Judges .................................................................................. 51 3.3 Codification of Laws of Sub-Continent ...................................................................... 59 4. Application of New Legal Methods .............................................................................. 63 4.1 Equity, Justice and Good-Conscience ......................................................................... 64 5. Transformation of Islamic Law into Muhammadan Law ............................................. 69 Chapter No. 2: ................................................................................................................... 74 Islamic Law of Waqf ......................................................................................................... 74 1. Foundation of Waqf Law .............................................................................................. 77 1.1 Definition of Waqf ...................................................................................................... 80 1.2 Fundamentals of Waqf ................................................................................................ 85 1.2.1 Ownership ................................................................................................................ 85 1.2.2 Perpetuity ................................................................................................................. 87 i 1.2.3 The Beneficiaries ..................................................................................................... 91 2. The Objective and Purpose of Waqf ............................................................................. 92 2.1 Waqf Property and Its Uses ........................................................................................ 94 2.2 The Administration of Waqf ....................................................................................... 96 2.3 The Validity of the Instrument of Waqf and Its Legal Consequences ...................... 100 2.4 The Interpretation of the Document of Waqf ........................................................... 101 2.5 Family Waqf in the Early Period of Islam ................................................................ 103 2.7 Waqf Created in Death-Illness .................................................................................. 112 3. English Lawof Trust ................................................................................................... 112 3.1 English Law against Perpetuity ................................................................................ 113 3.2 The Branches of the Rules against Perpetuities ........................................................ 114 3.3 Ownership in Common Law ..................................................................................... 116 3.3.1 Trust Ownership..................................................................................................... 118 Chapter No. 3: ................................................................................................................. 123 Analysis of the Case Law on Family Waqf in Sub-Continent ........................................ 123 1. Waqf Management in Pre-Colonial India ................................................................... 124 2. Waqf Management Practices in Colonial India .......................................................... 127 3. Judgements on Awqāf in Anglo-Indian Courts .......................................................... 131 3.1 Judgements on Private Awqāf ................................................................................... 135 3.2 Legal Problems under English Legal System ........................................................... 140 4. Family Awqāf and English Legal System .................................................................. 143 4.1. “Legalistic” Approach of Judges by Validating Family Waqf ................................ 143 4.2 “Realistic” Approach of Judges by Invalidating Family Waqf ................................ 146 4.3 Waqf Validating Act 1913 ........................................................................................ 155 5. Family Waqf in Pakistani Law ................................................................................... 159 Chapter No. 4: ................................................................................................................. 167 Basic Rules of Islamic Law of Inheritance ..................................................................... 167 ii 1. The Pre-Islamic Rules of Inheritance ......................................................................... 168 2. THE SUNNI LAW OF INHERITANCE ................................................................... 169 2.1 Constituents of Inheritance ....................................................................................... 170 2.2 Conditions of Inheritance .......................................................................................... 172 2.3 Cause of Inheritance ................................................................................................. 172 3. Order of Entitlement of Inheritance ............................................................................ 174 3.1 Dhawī al Furūḍ (Sharers) .......................................................................................... 175 3.1.1. Kinds of Sharers .................................................................................................... 175 3.2 Dhawī al ʻAṣbah (Residuaries) ................................................................................. 197 3.2.1 ʻAṣbah Nasabī ........................................................................................................ 197 3.2.2 ‘Aṣbah Ma’al - Ghaīr ............................................................................................. 200 3.2.3 General Rules of Succession of Residuary ............................................................ 201 3.2.4 Rule of Distribution among Residuaries ................................................................ 204 3.3 Dhawī al –Arḥām (Distant Kindred)......................................................................... 210 4. Exclusion Deprivation ................................................................................................ 213 4.1 Partial Exclusion ....................................................................................................... 214 4.1.1 Effects of Exclusion on other Heirs ....................................................................... 215 4.1.2 Fundamental Principles of Exclusion .................................................................... 216 4.2 Total Exclusion ......................................................................................................... 218 5. Special