IMPROVING THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Batoor ALAM School of Science, Engineering and Environment The University of Salford Salford, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2019 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Justification of Research ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Aim and Objectives ................................................................................................................. 8 1.4. Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Research Methodology ......................................................................................................... 10 1.6. Thesis Outline ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.7. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Disasters ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.1.1. Disaster Components .................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2. Recovery and Response ................................................................................................ 20 2.1.3. Disaster Management ................................................................................................... 24 2.2. Flooding ................................................................................................................................ 29 2.2.1. Types of Flooding .......................................................................................................... 32 2.2.2. Flood Mapping : Forecasting and Modelling ................................................................ 35 2.2.3. Flood Disasters .............................................................................................................. 36 2.2.4. Floodplains .................................................................................................................... 44 2.3. Flood Management Regulatory Framework ......................................................................... 50 2.3.1. Flood Management Regulations ................................................................................... 52 2.3.2. Regulatory Bodies ......................................................................................................... 61 2.4. Flood Risk Management ....................................................................................................... 75 2.4.1. Flood Risk ...................................................................................................................... 76 2.4.2. Nature of Flood Risk ...................................................................................................... 78 2.4.3. Floodplain Development ............................................................................................... 83 2.4.4. Methods of Flood Risk Management ............................................................................ 85 2.5. Challenges and Barriers Identified ........................................................................................ 97 2.5.1. Barriers to Effective Planning........................................................................................ 97 2.5.2. Barriers to Effective Insurance ...................................................................................... 99 2.5.3. Barriers to Effective Adaptation ................................................................................. 100 2.6. Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................... 102 Chapter 3: Research Methodology ............................................................................................. 106 3.1. Research Design .................................................................................................................. 107 3.2. Research Philosophy ........................................................................................................... 110 ii 3.2.1. Ontology...................................................................................................................... 112 3.2.2. Epistemology ............................................................................................................... 114 3.2.3. Axiology ....................................................................................................................... 117 3.2.4. Pragmatism ................................................................................................................. 118 3.2.5. Summary ..................................................................................................................... 119 3.3. Research Approach ............................................................................................................. 120 3.3.1. Deduction .................................................................................................................... 120 3.3.2. Induction ..................................................................................................................... 121 3.3.3. Abduction .................................................................................................................... 121 3.3.4. Chosen Research Approach ........................................................................................ 122 3.4. Research Strategy ............................................................................................................... 122 3.4.1. Types of Research Strategy ......................................................................................... 124 3.4.2. Survey Strategy ........................................................................................................... 127 3.4.3. Case Study Strategy .................................................................................................... 128 3.4.4. Summary ..................................................................................................................... 131 3.5. Research Choices ................................................................................................................ 132 3.5.1. Quantitative research ................................................................................................. 133 3.5.2. Qualitative research .................................................................................................... 136 3.5.3. Mixed Methods ........................................................................................................... 138 3.6. Time Horizon ....................................................................................................................... 141 3.7. Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................................... 141 3.7.1. Questionnaire ............................................................................................................. 143 3.7.2. Interviews ................................................................................................................... 147 3.7.3. Ethical Considerations................................................................................................. 151 3.8. Research Credibility ............................................................................................................ 152 3.8.1. Verification .................................................................................................................. 153 3.9. Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................... 154 Chapter 4: Research Findings ..................................................................................................... 155 4.1. Questionnaires .................................................................................................................... 155 4.1.1. Determination of Case Study Sites ............................................................................. 155 4.1.2. Questionnaire Findings ............................................................................................... 155 4.2. Interviews ........................................................................................................................... 162 4.2.1. Interviewees’ Background .......................................................................................... 162 4.2.2. Interview Findings - Themes ....................................................................................... 164 4.3. Analysis of Findings ............................................................................................................