University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations Spring 2011 A visualization of dissident voices in sixteenth-century Italy: a reflection of the eligiousr debate in art. Kathrine Mary Gill Nixon University of Iowa Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd Part of the Religion Commons Copyright 2011 Kathrine Mary Nixon This dissertation is available at Iowa Research Online: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1044 Recommended Citation Nixon, Kathrine Mary Gill. "A visualization of dissident voices in sixteenth-century Italy: a reflection of the religious debate in art.." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.pg35kvjn Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd Part of the Religion Commons A VISUALIZATION OF DISSIDENT VOICES IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ITALY: A REFLECTION OF THE RELIGIOUS DEBATE IN ART by Kathrine Mary Gill Nixon A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Religious Studies in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa May 2011 Thesis Supervisor: Professor Raymond A. Mentzer Copyright by KATHRINE MARY GILL NIXON 2011 All Rights Reserved Graduate College The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL _______________________ PH.D. THESIS _______________ This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis of Kathrine Mary Gill Nixon has been approved by the Examining Committee for the thesis requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Religious Studies at the May 2011 graduation. Thesis Committee: ___________________________________ Raymond A. Mentzer, Thesis Supervisor ___________________________________ Ralph Keen ___________________________________ Julie Hochstrasser ___________________________________ Kathleen Kamerick ___________________________________ Glenn Ehrstine To Anthony 1988-2010 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................1 CHAPTER TWO THE RELIGIOUS CLIMATE OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY ITALY ............................................................................................................15 Savonarola (1452-1498) ...................................................................19 The Republic of Venice and Religious Reform ...............................24 Reform within the Church ................................................................34 Protestant Reform .............................................................................45 CHAPTER THREE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY WORLD OF ART .................................55 The Church and Images ....................................................................60 Protestantism and the Image ............................................................63 Interpretation of Art .........................................................................67 The Emergence of a Theory of Art ..................................................77 CHAPTER FOUR SAVONAROLA .................................................................................86 CHAPTER FIVE PAINTINGS THAT REFLECT CATHOLIC REFORM .....................99 Jacopo Pontomo (1494-1556) ........................................................100 Lorenzo Lotto (1480-1556/7) .........................................................109 CHAPTER SIX TWO FRESCOS: 1537-1556 ................................................................125 Michelangelo’s Last Judgment .......................................................126 Pontormo in San Lorenzo ...............................................................136 CHAPTER SEVEN THE INCURSION OF PROTESTANTISM: PAINTINGS FROM 1535-1590 .........................................................................................158 Jacopo Bassano ..............................................................................163 CHAPTER EIGHT CARAVAGGIO (1571-1610) .........................................................183 Milan Under Borromeo ..................................................................183 Caravaggio .....................................................................................186 CHAPTER NINE CONCLUSION ..................................................................................200 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................206 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Leonardo da Vinci St. John the Baptist 1513-16 Oil on Panel, 69x 57cm Musée du Louvre, Paris. (With permission from WGA) ................................83 Figure 2 Andrea del Sarto Madonna of the Harpies 1517 Oil on Wood, 208 x 178 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. (With permission from WGA)...................84 Figure 3 Carlo Crivelli Madonna Enthroned with Saints 1488 Poplar Panel, 191 x 196cm Staatliche Museen, Berlin. (With permission from WGA)........................85 Figure 4 Lorenzo Lotto St. Vincent Ferrer c. 1511, Fresco, 265 x 166 cm. San Domenico, Recanati. (With permission from WGA) ...............................................96 Figure 5 Fra Bartolomeo della Porta. God the Father with Saint Catherine of Siena and Mary Magdalen. 1509, Panel, 361x236 cm Museo e Pinacoteca Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi, Lucca. (With permission from WGA) .......................97 Figure 6 Fra Bartolomeo della Porta Madonna della Misericodia 1515, Oil on Canvas Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi, Lucca. (With permission from WGA)........................................................................................................................98 Figure 7 Jacopo Pontormo Madonna and Child with Saints 1518 Oil on Wood 214 x 185 cm San Michele Visdomini, Florence. (With permission from WGA)......................................................................................................................116 Figure 8 Jacopo Pontormo Supper at Emmaus 1525 Oil on Canvas 230 x 173 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. (With permission from WGA) .............................117 Figure 9 Jacopo Pontormo Annuciation 1527-28, Fresco 368 x 168 cm Cappella Capponi, Santa Felicità, Florence. (With permission from WGA) ........................118 Figure 10 Jacopo Pontormo Deposition 1528 Oil on Wood 313 x 192 cm Cappella Capponi, Santa Felicità, Florence. (With permission from WGA) .........119 Figure 11 Lorenzo Lotto Madonna and Child with Saints 1521 Oil on Canvas 300 x 275 cm Church of San Bernadino, Pignolo, Bergamo. (With permission from WGA) .............................................................................................................120 Figure 12 Lorenzo Lotto Trinity 1523 Oil on Canvas 170 x 11 cm Sant’Alessandro della Croce, Bergamo. (With permission from WGA) ...............121 Figure 13 Lorenzo Lotto Stories of St. Barbara (Detail) 1524 Fresco Oratorio Suardi, Trescore. (With permission from WGA) ...................................................122 Figure 14 Lorenzo Lotto Christ Carrying the Cross 1526 Oil on Canvas 66 x 60 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris. (With permission from WGA) ..................................123 Figure 15 Lorenzo Lotto Annuciation c. 1527 Oil on Canvas 166 x 114 cm Pinacoteca Communale, Recanati. (With permission from WGA) ........................124 iv Figure 16 Michelangelo Last Judgment 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA) .....................................143 Figure 17 Michelangelo Last Judgment (Detail) 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA) ......................144 Figure 18 Michelangelo Last Judgment (Detail) 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA) ...............................145 Figure 19 Michelangelo Reprobate, Last Judgment (detail) 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA) ..........146 Figure 20 Michelangelo Last Judgment (Detail) 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA) ...............................147 Figure 21 Michelangelo Flayed Skin, Last Judgment (Detail) 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA ............148 Figure 22 Michelangelo Adam and Eve, Last Judgment (Detail) 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA) ..........149 Figure 23 Michelangelo Charon’s Boat, Last Judgment (detail) 1537-1541 Fresco 1370 x 1220 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican. (With permission from WGA) ...............................................................................................................150 Figure 24 Jacopo Pontormo Christ the Judge with Creation of Eve c. 1550 Black Chalk on Paper 326 x 180 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. (With permission from WGA) ..........................................................................................151 Figure 25 Jacopo Pontormo Study for the Sacrifice of Cain and the Death of Abel 1546-1556 Drawing Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. (With permission from WGA)......................................................................................................................152 Figure 26 Jacopo Pontormo Labor of Adam and Eve c. 1546-56 Drawing Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. (With permission from WGA) ...........................................153 Figure 27 Jacopo Pontormo Four Evangelists c.1550. Black chalk on paper,