The Crown Court Compendium …………………………….. Part I: Jury and Trial Management and Summing Up June 2018 Originally written by: Maddison – Ormerod – Tonking – Wait Edited by: Picton – Ormerod – Tayton – Shetty – Cooper Aubrey – Dickinson – Smith The first version of this Compendium was published in May 2016. That version was written by Sir David Maddison, His Honour Simon Tonking and His Honour John Wait (as they are now) and Professor David Ormerod QC This version amends and develops that first version. It has been edited by: HHJ Martin Picton (lead editor) Professor David Ormerod QC (Hon), HHJ Lynn Tayton QC, HHJ Rajeev Shetty and HHJ Jonathan Cooper (principal editors) HHJ David Aubrey QC, HHJ Greg Dickinson QC and Recorder Andrew Smith QC (assistant editors) Crown Court Compendium Part I June 2018 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1-1 1-1 Style and abbreviations ................................................................................. 1-1 1-2 Preface (June 2018) ...................................................................................... 1-2 1-3 Foreword (April 2016) .................................................................................... 1-4 1-4 Acknowledgements (April 2016) .................................................................... 1-6 1-5 The purpose and structure of the Compendium ............................................ 1-8 1-6 Timing of directions of law ........................................................................... 1-10 1-7 Written directions and Routes to Verdict ..................................................... 1-12 2. JURY MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................... 2-1 2-1 Empanelling the jury ...................................................................................... 2-1 2-2 Challenge and stand down of a juror ........................................................... 2-10 2-3 Alternate jurors ............................................................................................ 2-12 2-4 Discharging a juror or jury ........................................................................... 2-14 2-5 Conducting a view ....................................................................................... 2-18 3. TRIAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 3-1 3-1 Opening remarks to the jury .......................................................................... 3-1 3-1A Early identification of the issues .................................................................. 3-6 3-2 Defendant unfit to plead and/or stand trial ..................................................... 3-9 3-3 Trial in the absence of the defendant .......................................................... 3-12 3-4 Trial of one defendant in the absence of another/others ............................. 3-15 3-5 Defendant in person .................................................................................... 3-17 3-6 Special measures ........................................................................................ 3-26 3-7 Intermediaries .............................................................................................. 3-31 3-8 Anonymous witnesses ................................................................................. 3-34 3-9 Interpreters .................................................................................................. 3-36 4. FUNCTIONS OF JUDGE AND JURY .............................................................. 4-1 5. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF ......................................................... 5-1 6. THE INDICTMENT ........................................................................................... 6-1 6-1 Separate consideration of counts and/or defendants .................................... 6-1 6-2 Multiple incident and specimen counts .......................................................... 6-3 6-3 Alternative Verdicts ........................................................................................ 6-9 6-4 Agreement on the factual basis of the verdict .............................................. 6-12 Judicial College i Crown Court Compendium Part I June 2018 7. CRIMINAL LIABILITY ....................................................................................... 7-1 7-1 Child defendants including doli incapax ......................................................... 7-1 7-2 Joint participation in an offence ..................................................................... 7-4 7-3 Joint principals ............................................................................................... 7-5 7-4 Accessory/secondary liability ......................................................................... 7-7 7-5 The abolition of parasitic accessory/joint enterprise .................................... 7-19 7-6 Withdrawal from joint criminal activity .......................................................... 7-20 7-7 Conspiracy .................................................................................................. 7-24 7-8 Criminal attempts ......................................................................................... 7-28 7-9 Causation .................................................................................................... 7-30 8. STATES OF MIND ........................................................................................... 8-1 8-1 Intention ......................................................................................................... 8-1 8-2 Recklessness ................................................................................................ 8-6 8-3 Malice ............................................................................................................ 8-9 8-4 Wilfulness .................................................................................................... 8-11 8-5 Knowledge, belief and suspicion ................................................................. 8-13 8-6 Dishonesty ................................................................................................... 8-18 8-7 Mistake ........................................................................................................ 8-22 9. INTOXICATION ................................................................................................ 9-1 10. EVIDENCE – GENERAL ............................................................................. 10-1 10-1 Circumstantial evidence ............................................................................ 10-1 10-2 Corroboration and the special need for caution ......................................... 10-5 10-3 Expert evidence ....................................................................................... 10-10 10-4 Delay ....................................................................................................... 10-14 10-5 Evidence of children and vulnerable witnesses ....................................... 10-18 11. GOOD CHARACTER OF A DEFENDANT .................................................. 11-1 12. BAD CHARACTER ...................................................................................... 12-1 12-1 General Introduction .................................................................................. 12-1 12-2 Directions applicable to all CJA s.101(1) “gateways” ................................. 12-3 12-3 S.101(1)(a) – Agreed evidence .................................................................. 12-4 12-4 S.101(1)(b) – Evidence of bad character adduced by the defendant ......... 12-6 12-5 S.101(1)(c) – Important explanatory evidence ........................................... 12-8 12-6 S.101(1)(d) – Relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution ......................................................................................... 12-10 12-7 S.101(1)(e) – Substantial probative value in relation to an important matter in issue between a defendant and a co-defendant .............................................. 12-16 Judicial College ii Crown Court Compendium Part I June 2018 12-8 S.101(1)(f) – Evidence to correct a false impression given by the defendant about him/herself ............................................................................................. 12-20 12-9 S.101(1)(g) – Defendant’s attack on another person’s character ............ 12-22 12-10 S.100 – Non-defendant’s bad character ................................................ 12-24 13. CROSS ADMISSIBILITY ............................................................................. 13-1 14. HEARSAY ................................................................................................... 14-1 14-1 Hearsay – General .................................................................................... 14-1 14-2 Hearsay – Witness absent – s.116 ............................................................ 14-3 14-3 Hearsay – Business documents – s. 117 .................................................. 14-6 14-4 Hearsay – Introduced by agreement – s.114(1)(c) .................................... 14-8 14-5 Hearsay – Interests of justice – s.114(1)(d) ............................................. 14-10 14-6 Hearsay – Previous inconsistent statement – s.119 ................................ 14-11 14-7 Hearsay – Previous