Regeneration Processes in European Beech Forests Diaci, Jurij ; Dušan Rozenbergar Publication date: 2001 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Diaci, J., & Dušan Rozenbergar (2001). Regeneration Processes in European Beech Forests. Forest & Landscape Denmark. Nat-Man Working Report No. 3 Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 NAT-MAN Working Report 3 Regeneration Processes in European Beech Forests Jurij Diaci & Dušan Rozenbergar Contributors: Diaci J., Hahn K., van Hees A.F.M., Huss J., Butler Manning, D., Mountford E.P., Rozenbergar D., Standovár T., Wijdeven S.M.J. Deliverable 3 of the Nat-Man Project Produced under Work-Package 3 2001 The report is produced by the Nat-Man Project (Nature-based Management of Beech in Europe) co-ordinated by Forest & Landscape Denmark, and funded by the European Community 5th Framework Programme. Contact: Co-ordinator Jens Emborg, [email protected] - The report is available at www.flec.kvl.dk/natman CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................5 2 A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON NATURAL REGENERATION IN BRITISH BEECHWOODS....7 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................7 2.2 SEED PRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................13 2.2.1 Beech..................................................................................................................................13 2.2.2 Oak .....................................................................................................................................14 2.2.3 Ash......................................................................................................................................15 2.2.4 Sycamore............................................................................................................................16 2.2.5 Birch....................................................................................................................................16 2.3 SEED PREDATION BEFORE FALL .....................................................................................................16 2.3.1 Beech..................................................................................................................................16 2.3.2 Oak .....................................................................................................................................16 2.3.3 Ash, sycamore and birch.....................................................................................................17 2.4 SEED DISPERSAL ..........................................................................................................................17 2.4.1 Beech..................................................................................................................................17 2.4.2 Oak .....................................................................................................................................17 2.4.3 Ash......................................................................................................................................17 2.4.4 Sycamore............................................................................................................................17 2.4.5 Birch....................................................................................................................................17 2.5 SEED PREDATION AFTER FALL .......................................................................................................18 2.5.1 Beech..................................................................................................................................18 2.5.2 Oak .....................................................................................................................................18 2.5.3 Ash, sycamore and birch.....................................................................................................18 2.6 SEED GERMINATION AND INITIAL ESTABLISHMENT............................................................................19 2.6.1 Beech..................................................................................................................................19 2.6.2 Oak .....................................................................................................................................19 2.6.3 Ash......................................................................................................................................19 2.6.4 Sycamore............................................................................................................................20 2.6.5 Birch....................................................................................................................................20 2.7 SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT..............................................................................................................20 2.7.1 Beech..................................................................................................................................20 2.7.2 Oak .....................................................................................................................................23 2.7.3 Ash......................................................................................................................................25 2.7.4 Sycamore............................................................................................................................26 2.7.5 Birch....................................................................................................................................27 2.8 SPECIFIC CASE-STUDIES OF NATURAL REGENERATION IN BEECH WOODLAND ....................................28 2.9 SILVICULTURAL VIEW OF NATURAL REGENERATION OF BEECH ..........................................................31 2.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................35 2.11 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................37 3 NATURAL REGENERATION IN BEECH FORESTS IN THE NETHERLANDS, NORT-WESTERN GERMANY, BELGIUM AND NORTHERN FRANCE .............................................................................44 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................44 3.2 REGENERATION PRACTICES ..........................................................................................................44 3.3 SEED PRODUCTION AND DISPERSAL ...............................................................................................45 3.4 GERMINATION AND ESTABLISHMENT...............................................................................................45 3.4.1 Growth form ........................................................................................................................46 3.4.2 Light ....................................................................................................................................46 3.4.3 Drought, frost, humus..........................................................................................................46 3.4.4 Growth ................................................................................................................................47 3.4.5 Regeneration patterns.........................................................................................................47 3.4.6 Browsing .............................................................................................................................48 2 3.5 EXPERIMENTS ..............................................................................................................................48 3.6 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................50 4 GAP-PHASE REGENERATION AND GROUND VEGETATION IN BEECH FORESTS OF CENTRAL EUROPE .............................................................FEJL! BOGMÆRKE ER IKKE DEFINERET. 4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................FEJL! BOGMÆRKE ER IKKE DEFINERET. 4.2 MAIN ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION.......... FEJL! BOGMÆRKE ER IKKE DEFINERET. 4.2.1 Geographical location......................................................Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret. 4.2.2 Climatic conditions ..........................................................Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret. 4.2.3 Geology and relief ...........................................................Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret. 4.2.4 Vegetation types .............................................................Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret. 4.3 NATURAL REGENERATION AND GROUND VEGETATION...............FEJL! BOGMÆRKE ER IKKE DEFINERET. 4.3.1 Seed production..............................................................Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret. 4.3.1.1 Initiation of seed production.........................................Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret. 4.3.1.2 The frequency and size of beech masts in Central Europe...........Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret.