Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Philanthropy and secularisation : the funding of Anglican religious voluntary organisations in London 1856-1914 Thesis How to cite: Flew, Sarah Emma Jayne (2013). Philanthropy and secularisation : the funding of Anglican religious voluntary organisations in London 1856-1914. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2013 The Author Version: Version of Record Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk PHILANTHROPY AND SECULARISATION: THE FUNDING OF ANGLICAN RELIGIOUS VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS IN LOXDON, 1856 TO 1914 Sarah Emma Jayne Flew, BA (Hons) MA Religious Studies, Arts Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Open University 29 March 2013 ABSTRACT This thesis is an examination of five Anglican home-missionary organisations which operated in the Diocese of London in the latter half of the nineteenth century. These five organisations were all entirely dependant upon the financial support of the Anglican laity to provide their revenue. The main thrust of the thesis is an analysis of the finances of these home-missionary organisations. The initial four questions that this thesis examines are: how did the organisations raise money; who did they solicit support from; to what extent were the societies successful in soliciting financial support to carry out their aims; and did the funding revenue streams remain stable through the period? This is with the main purpose of evaluating the Anglican community's support of these organisations during the period of study, in terms of who gave financial support and how this changed. Drawing on the wealth of material contained in the annual reports of the organisations chosen for this study, this thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the SUbscriptions and donations and in doing so identifies an important shift in the gender-base of the laity'S support at the end of the period. In seeking to explain the loss of the male funder in the late nineteenth century, the thesis engages with the key wider themes of philanthropy and secularisation. The assumption of this thesis is that modern religious bodies have to function as economic agents, that they need steady sources of income, and have to have mechanisms to raise sufficient funds on an annual basis. It argues that the decline in financial support from the Anglican laity within the period was not a result of failing fundraising techniques of the organisations themselves. Instead, it was a symptom of a wider malaise. The thesis explores the ethos of giving in the latter half of the nineteenth century and argues that an important factor in the decline of giving was the waning of the teaching of the doctrine of Christian stewardship after its mid-century renaissance. It argues that the new generation of Christians born in the latter half of the nineteenth century did not have the same ethos of giving that their parents had held. In doing so, it concludes that this shift was a significant change in the 'consequential dimension' of religion, which is how people behave as a consequence of their faith. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to my three supervisors (Professor John Wolffe, Professor Arthur Burns, and Dr John Maiden) for their patience, guidance and encouragement through every stage of the research and writing up of this thesis. I would particularly like to thank them for the "Good Cop versus Bad Cop" supervisory meetings, and for the immense amount of time they spent reading and commenting upon my many drafts. Thanks are also due to Professor Anne Laurence and Dr Frances Knight, my examiners, for their helpful comments. I would also like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to the friendly and helpful staff at the many archives visited. Especial thanks go to Sister Teresa Joan White of the Community of St Andrew; Jeff Gerhardt of the London Metropolitan Archives; the staff of Lambeth Palace Library; and the staff of the London City Mission. Lastly, and by no means least, I wish to give my everlasting gratitude to my friends and family for politely pretending to be interested in my research. III CONTENTS Chapter 1 - Introduction 1. Introduction ........................................................................................... .l 2. Sources and Scope ........................................... , ........................................... 4 3. Themes ................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Philanthropy .......................................................................................... 10 3.2 Secularisation ........................................................................................ 14 4. Structure of Thesis ..................................................................................20 Chapter 2 - BaCkground to Church Extension in London, 1800-1856 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................22 2. National Funding of Church building (1818 to 1856) .......................................... 23 3. The Development of Diocesan Church Extension: Diocesan Funding (1828 to 1856) .... .30 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................40 Chapter 3 - New Home-missionary Organisations Established in Connection with Tait's Episcopacy, 1856 to 1868 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................43 2. Bishop Tait and the London Diocesan Church Building Society .............................. 46 3. The Establishment of the New Male Societies .................................................. .49 4. The Establishment of the New Female Societies ................................................ 65 5. Conclusion ..................................................................................... ··· .... 77 IV Chapter 4 - The Mechanics of Fundraising 1. Introduction ............... " .......................................................................... 79 2. Financial Administration ........................................................................... 80 3. Fundraising Strategy ................................................................................. 86 3.1 Promotional Activities ............................................................................... 86 3.2 Collecting Money .................................................................................... 95 3.3 Other Forms of Fundraising ...................................................................... 104 4. Conclusion .......................................................................................... l 07 Chapter 5 - Financial Health and the Financial Supporters Part 1 - The Phenomenon of Anonymous Contributions and an Overview of the Methodology used to Analyse Funder Support 1.1 Sources and Methodology ...................................................................... .11 0 1.2 Anonymous Supporters ......................................................................... .118 Part 2 - Financial Health and the Financial Supporters: the Male Organisations 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 125 2.2 Financial Health and Analysis of Financial Supporters ....................................... 127 2.3 Analysis of the Prominent Subscribers and Donors .......................................... .146 2.4 Analysis of the Legators ........................................................................... 151 2.5 Summary for Male Organisations ................................................................ 155 Part 3 - Financial Health and the Financial Supporters: the Female Organisations 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 157 3.2 Financial Health and Analysis of Financial Supporters ....................................... 158 3.3 Analysis of the Prominent Subscribers and Donors .......................................... 164 3.4 Analysis of the Legators ........................................................................... 166 v 3.5 Summary for Female Organisations .......................................................... 168 Part 4 - Conclusions Drawn from Supporter Analysis 4. Interpretation of Findings ...................................................................... 170 Chapter 6 - Corporate Bodies as Financial Supporters 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 176 2. The Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues ............................... 178 3. Worshipful Companies and the Corporation of the City of London ...................... .184 4. Commercial Corporate Bodies .................................................................. 188 5. Conclusion ......................................................................................... .195 Chapter 7 - Philanthropy in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Ethos of Giving 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... .197 2. Interpretations of Philanthropy which combine Secular