URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL ด้วยกนั ในเวลำต่อมำ ชุมชนดังกล่ำวได้เจริญขึ้น TRANSFORMATION OF เป็น “ชุมชนเมือง” งำนวิจัยนี้จึงมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ RIVERFRONT ศึกษำและวิเครำะห์พัฒนำกำรเชิงสัณฐำนของชุมชน COMMUNITIES IN THE เมืองริมน ำในพืนที่เกษตรกรรมแห่งนี ด้วย NAKHON CHAISRI BASIN, ้ ้ ้ THAILAND1 แบบจำลองเชิงสัณฐำน ตำมแนวคิดสัณฐำนวิทยำ เมือง ซึ่งจ ำลองรูปแบบโครงข่ำยกำรสัญจร และ Pornchai Jittiwasurat 2 พื้นที่วำง่ จำกแผนที่ทำงภูมิศำสตร์ ประกอบกบกำรั 3 Tapanee Rattanathavorn ส ำรวจพื้นที่ กำรสัมภำษณ์ และเอกสำรส ำคัญที่ เกี่ยวข้อง แล้วเปรียบเทียบควำมเปลี่ยนแปลงจำก บทคัดย่อ อดีตถึงปัจจุบัน ผลกำรศึกษำพบว่ำ พื้นที่มี พัฒนำกำรสำคัญ 3 ช่วงเวลำ คือ 1) ยุคไร่-นำ-สวน บริเวณลุ่มน้ ำนครชัยศรี จังหวัดนครปฐม ประเทศ โอบล้อมชุมชนริมน้ ำ (พ.ศ. 2401-2500) 2) ยุค ไทย เป็ นช่วงที่แม่น้ ำท่ำจีนไหลผ่ำนจังหวัด ชุมชนเมืองขยำยตัวรุกล้ำไร ่-นำ-สวน (พ.ศ. 2501- นครปฐมใน 3 อ ำเภอ ได้แก่ บำงเลน นครชัยศรี 2535) 3) ยุคชุมชนเมืองกระจัดกระจำยไร้ทิศทำง และสำมพรำน เป็นบริเวณที่มีควำมอุดมสมบูรณ์ (พ.ศ. 2536-ปัจจุบัน) ปัจจัยส ำคัญที่ทำให้เก ิดกำร เหมำะแก่กำรตั้งถิ่นฐำนและกำรเพำะปลูก รวมทั้งมี เปลี่ยนแปลงของระบบนิเวศและสัณฐำนเชิงพื้นที่ ควำมสะดวกในกำรคมนำคมทำงน้ำ จึงเกิด “ตลำด คือ กำรตัดถนนและกำรเพิ่มขึ้นของสิ่งก่อสร้ำง ชุมชนริมน้ ำ” ขึ้น ซึ่งเป็นศูนย์กลำงของชุมชน มี และยังพบว่ำ บริเวณตลำดชุมชนริมน้ ำที่เจริญขึ้น ลักษณะเด่นของ “สังคมลุ่มแม่น้ ำ” ที่มีทั้งชำวนำ เป็นชุมชนเมือง มี 3 พื้นที่ ได้แก่ บริเวณตลำดบำง ชำวสวน ชำวบ้ำน และชำวตลำดพึ่งพำอำศัยอยู่ เลน อยูในอ่ ำเภอบำงเลน บริเวณตลำดท่ำนำ อยูใน่ อำเ ภอนครชัยศรี และบริเวณตลำดสำมพรำน อยูใน่ 1 พัฒนาการเชิงสัณฐานของชุมชนเมืองริมน ้า บริเวณล่มนุ ้า นครชัยศรี ประเทศไทย อำเภอสำมพรำน ทั้งนี้ บริเวณตลำดท่ำนำได้เกิด กระบวนกำรกลำยเป็นเมือง (urbanization) มำก 2 (พรชัย จิตติวสุรัตน์) Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Rajamangala ที่สุด เนื่องจำกมีศักยภำพกำรเข้ำถึงสูงด้วยโครงขำย่ University of Technology Rattanakosin กำรสัญจรทำงบก รองลงมำ คือ ตลำดสำมพรำน (RMUTR), Nakhon Pathom, Thailand และตลำดบำงเลน ตำมลำดับ จึงมีข้อเสนอแนะใน 3 (ฐปณี รัตนถาวร) Lecturer, Faculty of กำรวำงแผนเชิงพื้นที่ โดยให้มีกำรควบคุมกำร Architecture and Design, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin เปลี่ยนแปลงรูปแบบกำรใช้ประโยชน์ที่ดินอย่ำง (RMUTR), Nakhon Pathom, Thailand Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 11:50:31AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular 21.1, 2018 เหมำะสม เพื่อคงไว้ซึ่งพื้นที่เกษตรกรรมที่มี Introduction ควำมสำคัญของประเทศ The early settlements in the Central Plains of Thailand were located along the river Abstract since settlers needed water for their daily lives and agricultural practices. Although The main objectives of this study were to some lived further inland on high ground, analyze the urban morphological they drew water from the river through the transformation of riverfront communities system of canals. Serving as a major in agricultural areas in the Nakhon means of transportation, the river was a Chaisri river basin based on a spatial venue for exchanging produce and other configuration model following the Theory goods (Valipodom 2011). Between 1855 of Urban Morphology and to compare and 1910, many canals were dug to their transformations from the past to facilitate the expanded agricultural areas present. The theory of urban morphology and the transportation of produce, was used to create a pattern of especially rice and sugar cane for export. transportation networks and open spaces Many natural rivers and canals were on geographical maps; moreover, a field crisscrossed by these dug canals (Bunnag survey, interviews and a review of related et al. 1982), resulting in many nodes along literature were included. According to the the main rivers, canals and trails. Later, analysis, the basin has undergone three communities were formed along these noticeable phases of development as nodes and became resting areas for boats follows: 1) plantation-rice field-orchard and goods before there were further areas encompassing the riverfront developed into markets or small trading communities (1858–1957), 2) urban points for goods from boats and land communities taking over plantation-rice vehicles. Then the markets were relocated field-orchard areas (1958–1992) and 3) on land and named waterfront community urban sprawl (1993–present). markets (Figure 1). These markets Construction of roads and more buildings consisted of wooden row houses or is the main reason for a change in the indigenous shophouses used for ecology and the spatial configuration of commercial and residential purposes this area. Furthermore, three riverfront (Figure 2) (Panin and Jiratatsanakul 2001). community markets – Bang Len in Bang Boats of various sizes travelling along the Len District, Tha Na in Nakhon Chaisri rivers were a common scene and traders District and Sam Phran market in Sam from many areas would bring their own Phran District – have been transformed goods to be sold on the rivers; eventually into urban communities. Tha Na market is floating markets emerged. As markets the most urbanized due to its easy access expanded, more houses were built to the land transportation network, generating a village and later a sub- followed by Sam Pran market and Bang district, a district and an urban community. Len market, respectively. Such an urban community differs from other urban communities in that it is a 86 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 11:50:31AM via free access Urban Morphological Transformation of Riverfront Communities in The Nakhon Chaisri Basin, Thailand center of land and water transportation and this new land is a flood plain but later it its spatial transformation keeps evolving becomes high ground. These are unique because the build-up of sediment forms features of a city located on a river basin new land and at some point the river (Valipodom 2000). meanders or changes its course. At first, Figure 1 Riverfront Communities in the Central Plains of Thailand (by the author 2014) Figure 2 Atmosphere of a Waterfront Community Market (by the author, 2014) 87 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 11:50:31AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular 21.1, 2018 The Nakhon Chaisri river basin, a fertile and topography. In Sam Pran district, fruit area of the lower Central Plains, is located trees are most common, while in Bang Len between the Chao Phraya River and the Mae district, paddy fields are prevalent. In Klong River and is a tributary of the Tha Nakhon Chaisri district, the ratio of paddy Chin River, which flows through three fields to orchards is about the same districts of Nakhon Pathom Province – Bang (Pornsiripongse et al. 2008). (Figure 4) Len, Nakhon Chaisri and Sam Pran – before Agriculturalists have to learn how to draw emptying into the Gulf of Thailand in Samut and store water for their own use. (Figure 5) Sakhon Province. This 97-kilometer-long This is another characteristic of a riverine Nakhon Chaisri River covers an area of society. The community center or market is 1,122 square kilometers (Figure 3), most of surrounded by the agricultural area which is a flood plain. More than 200 (Valipodom 2012). Agricultural products natural and dug canals are found here; and handicrafts from nearby areas are sold in consequently, this area is ideal for the market and middlemen come to buy agricultural purposes since there is enough these products to sell them in Bangkok water to satisfy needs. However, the kinds (Pornsiripongse et al. 2008). of plants grown vary according to ecology Figure 3 The Nakhon Chaisri Basin in the Central Plains of Thailand (Google map devised by the author 2014) 88 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 11:50:31AM via free access Urban Morphological Transformation of Riverfront Communities in The Nakhon Chaisri Basin, Thailand Figure 4 Agricultural Areas in The Nakhon Chaisri Basin (by the author 2014) Many waterfront community markets sprang 1994). In Nakhon Pathom Province, there up during the reigns of Kings Rama V, IV were seven waterfront community markets and VII (1868–1934). According to an in Bang Len District, the most of all three investigation of historical documents and old districts, followed by three markets in maps from 1913, there were many Nakhon Chaisri District and two markets in waterfront community markets along the Sam Pran District (Survey 2014) as shown Nakhon Chaisri River (Source: The Royal in Figure 5. The number varied because of Thai Survey Department). Most of the the topography, the density of canals, the markets still exist today, and while some did distance from each canal to each land route not appear on those maps, there is evidence and the fertility of the land. (Figure 6) Bang of their existence. It can be assumed that Len District is not far from the Gulf of these markets appeared after the maps had Thailand, facilitating the transportation of been completed. During that time, people and goods to major rivers; as a result, transportation was chiefly by water, and in there was greater circulation of people and 1942, when the Supan Transportation Co. goods in this area, resulting in the Ltd. began its boat services from waterfront emergence of more waterfront community community markets in Supan Buri Province markets that have gone on to be transformed to Ngio Rai pier in Nakhon Chaisri district, into urban communities, while the other two where Ngio Rai Train Station was situated, districts are flood plains with more winding water transportation became even more rivers (Pornsiripongse et al. 2008). This has important. People would take a train to discouraged the establishment of waterfront Bangkok from that station and get off at community