Transportation through the Ages in Castle Rising. In this chapter, the land and water routes between Castle Rising and the outside world are examined from Roman times to the present. Castle Rising probably owes its existence to its proximity to the sea. The story of transportation from Castle Rising is essentially a gradual change from a predominantly water-based system to a completely land-based one. Although small communities, such as Castle Rising were largely self sufficient for most of their history, they also depended on connections with neighbouring communities and beyond. For the earlier part of the history of the village, we must necessarily be speculative about where these connections were. However we can make a number of generalisations based on the known ancient routes nearby and what we can predict of human behaviour throughout the ages. We know that many present-day roads were probably established long ago, since unless there were conscious plans to change (such as recent bypasses), there is no reason to deviate from a previously established route. Examples of this will be shown later in the chapter. WATER ACCESS Rising (Hrisinga), at the time of its Saxon establishment was a coastal settlement, with an inlet of the Wash, into which the Babingley River flowed, on its northern boundary. The major known transportation routes of the period, the pre-Roman Icknield Way and the Roman Peddar’s Way were some distance to the east. Movement by land would have been more difficult west of the chalk escarpment. Rivers were rare on the chalk-land but several crossed the less permeable Lower Cretaceous strata to the west where Rising is located. They had the potential to obstruct land movements along the coast. The Babingley River was one such West Norfolk river which would have restricted land travel but was wide and deep enough to enable people to use the river itself as a transport route. A further barrier to travel at that time would have been the as yet un-drained and unhealthy Fens, restricting land travel to the west. The Great Ouse would however have provided an access route to the farmlands of Cambridgeshire to the south. Although there is no evidence of any major Romano-British settlement in Rising, Roman artefacts are not uncommon and clearly there were many visitors to the area during that time. Extensive Roman iron-workings occurred in the vicinity and there was also a fort near the top of Knight’s Hill. If Rising was not 1 a major settlement in Romano-British times, it has recently been shown to have been important to the Romans in other ways. Excavations at the castle in the nineteen seventies and eighties showed evidence of Roman field edges, within the boundaries of the present castle, suggesting the area was farmed during Roman times.1 More importantly J.R.L.Allen (2004)2 has shown convincingly that Silver Carr, a grey sandstone-like material, was a valuable building stone to the Romans. It occurred naturally in the Leziate Beds close to Castle Rising and nowhere else. East Anglia is notoriously short of good building stone and it was obviously valued by the Romans who used it for building. Silver Carr was quarried by the Romans to build the coastal fortress of Branodunum (near the present-day Brancaster) and also a major structure near Reedham (close to Great Yarmouth and at the mouth of the River Yar). The exact location(s) where the Silver Carr came from within the parish of Rising is not known, although pieces of the consolidated sandstone can still be found in the sands of the Leziate Beds close to the village, and two map locations referred to as White Hills are thought to refer to places where the stone came from. The Rising area was valuable to the Romans as a source of building material, (so would have been thought of as an important industrial site) and the Babingley River would undoubtedly have been the corridor used to transport the stone between Rising and the coast from whence it would have continued by sea. We know that the river was later used by the Normans to bring decorative stone from Barnack (in Lincolnshire) and Caen (in Brittany) to build the castle and St. Lawrence church, but the findings of Allen point to an even earlier use of the Babingley River as a transportation route. As mentioned in the chapter on Castle Rising and the Sea, part of the Babingley River was diverted at some early stage in our history into a side- stream by the digging of a ditch between the Babingley River and a side stream to the south. This ditch was later at the site of a Saxon Mill close to the present- day Stone Bridge. The parish boundary between Castle Rising and Babingley in general follows the Babingley River but at this location follows the ditch and side stream until the latter joins the Babingley River again somewhat downstream. This strongly suggests that the ditch was dug prior to the setting up of the parish boundary which occurred in the Saxon period. This is illustrated on the aerial photograph taken in 1946(Figure 1). 2 Figure 1. Ancient Diversion from Babingley River to a side stream. It shows that a channel running from north-east to south-west has been cut from the original Babingley River, which flows west (left) to one of the tributaries which originally ran down from the spring to the east of the village and then ran parallel to the Babingley River until the two streams merged about 1 kilometre downstream. The effect of this diversion would be to have increased the flow into that part of the river which had closest access to the village, although that was not necessarily the purpose of the diversion. However the effect would have been to improve the access by river between the village and the sea. There is no documentary evidence as to who dug this ditch, but there are two reasonable explanations. 1) The Romans dug it in order to improve their water access to the sea. The increased flow of water along the southerly stream would have increased the water flow in that part of the stream and thus have improved access between the quarry and the sea. Later the Saxons may have 3 utilised the ditch as a leet for their mill. 2) The Saxons built the ditch as a leet for a mill, which we know was still present in the sixteenth century. If this is the case, then the Romans used the river without any increased flow. A variant of this idea is that the Romans established the mill which was later used by the Saxons. If this is true then the ditch may have had a dual purpose. From the perspective of navigation, the Babingley River was the best of the five rivers which flowed towards the east coast of the Wash. The Heacham and the Ingol were both short and the Nar and Gaywood Rivers had many meanders and marshy areas at the sea-ward ends. This may be the reason why tradition links the Babingley River to St. Felix and his arrival into west Norfolk from Burgundy in the mid-seventh century. Interestingly Felix, who is said to have brought Christianity to East Anglia is also thought to have visited Reedham, where the Romans had transported the Silver Carr from Castle Rising3. He may well have used the same coastal route as the Romans. The Babingley River was also of suitable size and flow for the establishment of mills, and several are recorded in Domesday (see Chapter on Mills). It is not surprising therefore that by the time of Domesday, Rising had become one of the more important communities in the region. It is probable that because of the importance of its water access, it had been granted Burh status. Water transport was clearly important to Castle Rising especially at a time when land routes were poor and heavy goods were carried by pack animals or primitive carts. However, by the time of Domesday there was also a network of Saxon communities throughout the area, on average 2-3 miles from one another. These communities would have had trackways or footpaths between them, probably in many cases along the same routes as present-day roads. ANCIENT TRACKWAYS At the time of Domesday, the parishes of North and South Wootton, and Roydon were under common ownership, although South Wootton became separate in the early medieval period. The other three parishes have been largely under common ownership until recently. A track to Roydon would also take Castle Rising residents towards Grimston, the closest access point to the Icknield Way. An additional reason for visiting Grimston appeared in 1251 when a market was established there4. The present road to Roydon and Grimston is probably on the same route as that established prior to the arrival of 4 the Normans, following the road east out of the village and along Keeper’s Lane, past Short Trees (mentioned on the Elizabethan 1588 map of the Chase). South Wootton is en route to Gaywood, then close to the shores of the Wash and an important source of salt. It is interesting that to the present day, the road from Castle Rising to King’s Lynn still goes in the direction of Gaywood before turning right into the former East Gate of King’s Lynn. It should be remembered that King’s Lynn (then Bishop’s Lynn) was only established in the late eleventh century as a westerly expansion of Gaywood5.