“DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES ANNALS OF “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING VOLUME XIX No.1/2018 This journal is included in IDB SCIPIO CEEOL ICI Journals Master List 2016 http://analeflls.ucdc.ro [email protected] ISSN 2065 – 0868 ISSN-L 2065 – 0868 Each author is responsible for the originality of his article and the fact that it has not been previously published. “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES ANNALS OF “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING VOLUME XVIII No.2/2017 “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY BOARD Momcilo Luburici President Corina Adriana Dumitrescu President of the Senate Cristiana Cristureanu Rector Georgeta Ilie Vice-Rector for Scientific Research EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Florentina Alexandru Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Nicolae Dobrisan Corresponding Member of Cairo Arabic Language Academy and of the Syrian Science Academy Damascus Mary Koutsoudaki University of Athens Greg Kucich Notre Dame University Dana Lascu University of Richmond Ramona Mihaila Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Emma Morita Kindai University Efstratia Oktapoda Sorbonne, Paris IV University Julieta Paulesc Arizona State University Elena Prus Free International University of Moldova Marius Sala Romanian Academy Silvia Tita University of Michigan Irina Mihai-Vainovski Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Estelle Variot Aix en Provence University Paolo Villani Universita degli Studi di Catania Alain Vuillemin Artois University and Paris-Est University EDITOR IN-CHIEF Onorina Botezat Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University EDITORIAL BORD Mihaela Mateescu Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Angela-Oana Drăgan Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Magdalena Ciubăncan Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University CONTENTS I. LITERARY AND CULTURAL STUDIES Ahmed Salih: Irish Dystopia in Seamus Heaney’s Selected Poems ……7 Iulia Waniek: Tradition and Modernity in Postcolonial Asian Literature ……………………………………………………………………………..………23 Răzvan Staicu: Italian Voyages in the Works of Nineteenth-Century Romanian Writers ………………………………………………………………………..42 Maria Grajdian: Musical selves Anime soundtracks from domesticating plagiarism to hybridising authenticity ………………..……50 Paula Alice Băloiu: A Cultural Perspective of Advertising. Women Images in Media………………………………………….…………………………………78 II. WOMEN’S AND GENDER STUDIES Efstratia Oktapoda : L’engagement des femmes. Loubna Méliane : Politique et combat des femmes beur en France.....................................86 Sara Hunziker: Female Pioneers of Poetry: Zubeyde Fitnat Hanim, Nigâr Hanım and Carmen Sylva.............................................................99 Irina Dogaru: Una figura canónica de las letras hispánicas de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX: Emilia Pardo Bazán …………..................106 Georg Kremnitz: Mite Kremnitz und Carmen Sylva. Einige Eindrücke …………………………………………………………………………………………………….115 Arnaud Paturet : Les études genres, la société antique et le droit : un nouveau regard………………………………………………………….………...........127 Bouchra Benbella : La représentation du rapport homme/femme dans L’année de tous les apprentissages de Najib Redouane…………….144 Onorina Botezat : Compte rendu de la conférence Relire Germaine de Staël deux cents ans après sa mort………………………………………………….154 5 LITERARY AND CULTURAL STUDIES 6 IRISH DYSTOPIA IN SEAMUS HEANEY’S SELECTED POEMS Ahmed SALİH 1 Abstract: This paper explores the dystopian Irish society represented in Seamus Heaney’s poetry. In his poetry, Heaney seeks a reconciliation with Ireland’s past. Heaney refers to the political and cultural realities of Ireland in his poems; he indicates that the Irish society is a dystopia when he represents the occupation of Ireland, especially by the British, and how to live with its inevitable effects. The oppression and misery that the Irish people lived through are represented particularly in, “Antaeus”, “Hercules and Antaeus”, “At a Potato Digging”, “North”, and “The Ministry of Fear”. The Great Famine, a dystopian event in the Irish historical heritage, is referred to in a critique of the British authorities’ failure to help the starved Irish people. “At a Potato Digging” is overshadowed by historical memories. However, in the poems, “Antaeus”, and “Hercules and Antaeus” Heaney employs Greek myth as a metaphor to refer to the tenacity to the Irish land where we find the Irish ability to be revivified through the soil in spite of the dystopic Ireland since the Irish Catholics have turned into farmers who work for English and Scottish Protestants. The poem, “North” deals with the Irish dystopia represented by the violence of the English-Irish Troubles on the one hand, and the Viking occupation on the other. In the last poem of this chapter, “The Ministry of Fear”, Heaney refers to the days that he spent at school, with his friend Seamus Deane, as dystopian environment because they suffered from class distinction. In this paper, some of Heaney’s dystopian poems are employed to point out the violence imposed upon Ireland throughout centuries to deliver a message to the whole world to renounce violence. Keywords: Seamus Heaney, Ireland, Dystopia, History Introduction Introducing the term dystopia in general is quite significant as it is pivotal to this paper so as to understand the paper more fully: Dystopia was first used probably by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) in a speech in the British House of Commons, 12 March 1868. He was debating the Conservative government’s policy on the Irish question. For thirty-nine years England had ruled Ireland, Mill said, as he attacked the government on the question of land- ownership and religious equality in Ireland [. .]. “Dys” meant diseased, abnormal, faulty, difficult, painful, unfavourable, bad, from the Greek “kakos.” Negley and Patrick (1952) used the term 1 Ahmed Abdulsattar SALIH is a lecturer of English Poetry at Al- Hamdaniyah State University, Department of English Language. E-mail: [email protected] 7 to mean the opposite of eutopia, “the idea that society is a dystopia, if it is permissible to coin a term.” Walsh (1962, p.12) used the term to mean an “inverted utopia,” and in 1967 in an article in the Listener it was stated that “the modern classics, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four are dystopias.” Booker (1994) suggests Kafka's The Castle and The Trial are bureaucratic dystopias; also Golding's Lord of the Flies is a dystopia because it shows the breakdown of civilized life and firstlings of totalitarian rule, as does Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale. (Trahair 110) Despite the fact that the Irish society in Heaney’s selected poems is depicted as dystopia because of violence, poverty and class distinction, Heaney made use of living under circumstances like the Troubles so as to reflect through his poetry the tenacity to the Irish lands which were seized by English and Scottish settlers. He presents the Irish culture and politics to the whole world when he refers to these events. In this paper, light is shed on the dystopian Irish society under the Viking and English dominance. Heaney represents in his poems; “Antaeus”, “Hercules and Antaeus”, “At a Potato Digging”, “North”, and “The Ministry of Fear” the violence that took place in Ireland because of the Viking occupation in the ninth century and the English occupation starting from the twelfth century. In the poems selected for analysis, he refers to the dystopia of the Irish history. The past is to be revealed, above all by digging as he implies in the poem “North”, “the word hoard”. Heaney never idealizes Irish history; like Yeats and Synge before him, he is far from those who present the Irish as constantly heroic in the face of oppression. Heaney’s friend Seamus Deane will also be referred to, as the latter is one of Heaney’s Irish contemporaries as both of them witnessed the Irish Troubles and they could only defend the Irish situation through poetry. 2. Irish Dystopia in Seamus Heaney’s Selected Poems Presenting the Irish past situation resonates positively in the present because it reveals the Irish political and cultural episodes. In the first and second poems, which will be analysed, “Antaeus” and “Hercules and Antaeus”, the English occupation of the Irish lands is referred to by the use of Greek mythology as a reference to the Irish people who were forcibly driven out of their lands. The third poem, “At a Potato Digging”, refers to the events that took place in the nineteenth century (beginning in 1845), when a tremendous number of Irish people starved to death because of the famine although England, which could have provided help, was just across the Irish Sea. Additionally, “North”, is quite an 8 obvious reference to the Viking dominance upon Ireland. Lastly, “The Ministry of Fear”, indicates how Heaney was mistreated at school and on the street by the RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary). To begin with, Heaney’s art is a witness to the dystopian Irish life he had been witnessing together with his contemporary Irish poet, Seamus Deane. Heaney’s Irish colleague and poet Deane asserts in his essay “Between Irish and British Fidelities: Poetry”, “Literature especially poetry, had so often been offered as a means of healing divisions, or as a means of overcoming them by bringing them into the deep magnetic fields of the imagination’s free space.”1