201 6 UPSC Civil Services Exam [CULTURE OF INDIA] A Comprehensive approach for UPSC Pre & Mains Beginner’s Note: This section of the examination is considered as the most scaring part by most of the aspirants if not by all. However, it should not be the case. Indian culture is something that we all can relate to as we are part of it and we create it daily as we live our lives. My suggestion would be – first of all familiarize yourself with a broad outline of our history – from ancient to modern. This is because – culture is all about our accumulated achievements – in both tangible and intangible sphere. It is not about monuments and figures, but about the people and their lives also who created these. Secondly, culture is also about visulaisation of human creation. When you see and hear things, you become more comfortable with them. So, whenever you read about some cultural item, google its image or videos. It will deepen your understanding and will also simplify the things. Thirdly, don’t understand culture in terms of facts and data, but understand it in terms of stories and narratives. Stories which are driven by political factors, religion, geographies and above all human values. To start with, there is a beautiful book of class 11th by NCERT – An Introduction to Indian Art. It doesn’t cover all the things, but it is very graphic and easy to understand. Attempt the questions given in it to deepen your understanding. Another book is by NIOS – Indian Culture and Heritage. The book fairly covers all the topics, but has some factual errors in it, so verify wherever you have a doubt. Finally, when you are done with these, you may start with these notes which I have prepared through elaborate search and multiple iterations. Hope these will help. Always keep things manageable. It is not so important that how much you read, but how well you read. Keep in mind that whatever you read, you have to revise that also at times of mains exam. So, limit your study material. Best of luck! Nitin Sangwan AIR 28 (2016), AIR 359 (2015), AIR 320 (2014) Drop me a comment at: www.meandupsc.blogspot.in if you need some further help in the exam, suggestions or any major discrepancies in these notes for benefit of others. CULTURE Culture is a way of life. Culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things – tangible and intangible – that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Culture, thus, refers to a human-made environment which includes all the material and nonmaterial products of group life that are transmitted from one generation to the next. India was earlier called Jamboodweepa and was called ‘India’ by Greeks for the first time as the ‘region byond Sindhu’. Similarly, Arabs called Indians as ‘Hindus’ as they couldn’t pronounce ‘S’ in Sindhu. Religion of Aryans who lived there in 1000 BCE was called Brahminism and not Hinduism. Islam and Hinduism existed peacefully for 700 years and first Muslims came to India in form of merchants on Malabar Coast. A BRIEF HISTORY of CULTURE Indus Valley was cradle of early civilization and culture because, the place has features which made it conducive for early settlers. Rainfall from Indus to Brahmputra plains gradually increases from 25cm to 250 cm and this was also the reason that vegetations in low rainfall regions were easier to clear to pave way for the cultivation. So, Indus valley came into being in Indus area, Vedic civilisation in Gangetic plain, Guptas spread further towards east and in medieval periods, Assam plains also became important. Rivers in ancient India served like arteries for carrying of goods easily. They also provided fertile land and most importantly acted as boundaries for political and cultural groups. EARLY ROCK PAINTINGS Earliestexamples of the art and paintings are found in pre-historic works in caves and on rocks. Rock paintings at Bhimbhethka in Madhya Pradesh are most important among them which themselves belong to the larger Vindhya and Kaimur group findings. In Bhimbhetaka, near Bhopal, there are more than 500 hundred rock shelters with paintings making them richest site in India. The cave paintings of Narsinghgarh (Maharashtra) show skins of spotted deer left drying. In Uttarakhand also, rock paintings on banks of river Suyal at Lakhudiyar (meaning lakh caves) have been found. Here three types of figures are shown – man, animals and geometric figures. Hand linked dancing figures are famous among them. Though artists during this period used many colors, but white and red were their favorite. Scenes from hunting, dancing etc. are shown in these paintings. Earliest paintings have been identified in three periods, out of which, the one belonging to the Mesolithic period or the middle period are the largest. In the last period, the painters were probabl settled as agricultural communities and hence, their paintings also depict congregational events in large numbers. Painting style also became sophisticated with time, for example, paintings reaching upto high ceiling were made. INDUS VALLEY Harrapans used varous forms of art which include sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewellery, terracotta figures, etc. Harappans made sculptures of terracotta, stone and metal/bronze. Harappan also domesticated Elephant and produced rice which Mesopotamians didn’t. Unlike Mesopotamia and Egypt, no evidences of temples have been found. Harappan also produced sesamum and mustard also. People of Lothal also used rice. Indus people were the earliest to produce cotton. Animal domesticated – ox, camel, ass, dog, cat etc. Evidence of horse as domesticated animal are weak. They were also aware of rhinos as evident from seals. The weights used by Harappans were multiple of 16 (16, 64, 160 etc) and even till recently, 16 in measure was common as in case of 16 annas being one rupee. I. Stone sculpture – Stone figures were not in much abundance and very few refined figures have been found. In stone are two male figures are important – one is a torso in red sandstone and the other is a bust of a bearded man in steatite.The figure of the bearded man interpreted as a priest, is draped in a shawl coming under the right arm and covering the left shoulder. This shawl is decorated with trefoil patterns. The eyes are a little elongated, and half-closed as in meditative concentration.The hair line is partitioned from middle. II. Bronze/metal sculpture – ‘Lost Wax’ technique was known during this time for making bronze statues and ‘Dancing Girl’ statue is famous example and it is perhaps the first copper statue in the world. Animal figures were also made. The copper dog and bird of Lothal and the bronze figure of a bull from Kalibangan are in no way inferior to the human figures of copper and bronze from Harappa and Mohenjodaro. III. Terracotta sculpture – The Indus Valley people made terracotta images also but compared to the stone and bronze statues the terracotta representations of human form are crude in the Indus Valley. They are more realistic in Gujarat sites and Kalibangan. The most important among the Indus figures are those representing the mother goddess. In terracotta, we also find a few figurines of bearded males with coiled hair, their posture rigidly upright. The repetition of this figure in exactly the same position would suggest that he was a deity. A terracotta mask of a horned deity has also been found. Toy carts with wheels, whistles, rattles, birds and animals, gamesmen and discs were also rendered in terracotta. Various seals are also found which were usually made of steatite, and occasionally of agate, copper, and terracotta, and even gold and ivory with beautiful figures of animals, such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc. The purpose of producing seals was mainly commercial. It appears that the seals were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their owners, perhaps as modern-day identity cards. Harappans knew how to write and most of their seals contain some form of a pictographic script which is yet to be deciphered. The most remarkable seal is the one depicted with a figure in the centre and animals like tiger, elephants, antelopes and rhinoceros and a buffalo around. This seal is generally identified as the Pashupati Seal by some scholars whereas some identify it as the female deity. Figures and animals are carved in intaglio on their surfaces. Seals engraved with animal figures like the humped bull, elephant and rhinoceros suggest that these animals were considered sacred. ‘Peepal’ has been found depicted on many seals. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine wheelmade wares, very few being hand- made. Plain pottery is more common than painted ware. Red and black pottery of various types is also found. Plain pottery dominates over painted pottery. Polychrome pottery is rare and mainly comprises small vases decorated with geometric patterns. Incised and perforated potteries have also been found. Miniature vessels of less than half a inch have also been found. Pottery for household purposes is found in as many shapes and sizes as could be conceived of for daily practical use. There are also traces of ornaments including anklets, armlets etc made up of various materials precious and semi-precious. There are examples of dead in mounds with such ornaments – a grave was discovered in Farmana Haryana with ornaments. Woman during Harrapan times also wore ornaments made of beads made in local factories as well as from various stones, metals and terracotta.