The Future of Remote Sensing YI CHAO 1993-2011: Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2012-present: Remote Sensing Solutions, Inc. October 7, 2013 1 California Institute of Technology ------OUTLINE------ • Current state-of-the-art • Future challenges and mission concepts • Remote sensing data integrated with in situ data and assimilative/forecasting models 2 Emerging Field of Satellite Oceanography TOPEX (1992) Seasat (1978) Courtesy: D. Menemenlis Golden Era of Satellite Oceanography SeaStar TRMM NSCAT QuikSCAT TOPEX Terra Jason Seasat SeaWinds All the satellite missions that were either dedicated to or Aqua partly capable of ocean GRACE Courtesy: D. Menemenlis ICESat OSTM Aquarius remote sensing. 1st Weather (Meteorological) Satellite (1960) 5 1st Oceanographic Satellite (1978) Satellite’s view of the Gulf Stream 1770 Benjamin Franklin (postmaster) collected information about ships sailing between New England and England, discovering and mapping the Gulf Stream 6 Sea Surface Temperature as measured by thermal infrared sensor via multi-channel • Atmosphere absorbs and emits radiation (wavelength dependent, use multi- channel) • Reflection of solar radiation (avoid solar radiation band) • ~0.5oC accuracy 7 MODIS Terra & Aqua Satellites Infrared cannot penetrate cloud MetOp Satellites by EUMETSAT (VIIRS 8 on NPP) Geostationary Satellites 36,000 km 9 TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) & AMSR-E (cloud-free, but coarse resolution Δ ~ Hλ/D ~ 25-km) 10 Microwave Radiometer on the Aquarius satellite: The first NASA satellite to measure salinity L-Band Vertical 25 psu 35 psu 40 psu K&S Model 2.5 m 134 132 130 128 126 Tant (K) 124 122 120 Launched in 118 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 June 2011 Water Temp (C) (0.2 psu 2000 2003 accuracy) 390 Km (242 Mi) 11 Ocean Color Radiometry: Biogeochemistry & Ecosystem Coastal Zone Color Scanner (or CZCS) on Nimbus 7 satellite, 1978-1986 Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) on SeaStar, 1997-2010 Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra (1999-) and Aqua (2002-) satellites 12 Carbon Cycle via Satellite Remote Sensing 13 Satellite Scatterometry (Active sensing): Marine weather and storms QuikSCAT 14 Satellite Altimetry (Active sensing): Climate data record for global sea level rise 2001- ERS1/2 1992- ENVISAT 2006 TOPEX/Poseidon Jason -1, 2 15 (Gold standard: 2~3 cm accuracy!) Future Challenges: Ocean Mesoscale and Submesocale Eddies; Frequent Sampling 2000 km Regional scale From mesoscale to submesoscale eddies 3D vertical process via upwelling/downwelling Subsurface maximum SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) satellite to be launched in 2020 • Ka band (0.85 cm wavelength) • Extremely high resolution: 10-70 m & 5 m • 21-day repeat cycle • 1~3 TB per cycle (Max:620 Mb/s) Mission Concept beyond 2020: Along-Track Interferometry to measure surface current 18 GPS (Global Positioning System) Reflectometry: Altimetry and Scatterometry (Fast sampling) GPS Scatterometry to derive winds: Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) to be launched in 2016 Mission concept: GPS Altimetry to derive sea level 24 GPS satellites (free signal) GPS receiver (passive) A constellation of 8 GPS receivers from a single satellite 19 launch Mission Concept: Remote Sensing of the Mixed Layer Depth 20 Land-Based High-Frequency (HF) Radar to measure surface current (hourly, 1-km) Integrated Ocean Observing System 21 (IOOS) Integrating Ocean Observing and Forecasting Modeling: Field Experiments 900 800 700 600 <55 500 <110 <220 400 <440 <1100 300 Number Number of Casts/Day 200 100 0 213 215 217 219 221 223 225 227 229 231 233 235 237 239 241 243 245 Year Day 22 2003 Monterey Bay Experiment Adaptive Sampling Ocean Network (AOSN-2) Ensemble Prediction & Glider Path Planning Multi-Model Ensemble Glider Planning Known constraints (slow 0.5 knot, Battery, shipping lanes) Uncertain constraints (time- Error Estimation varying 3D currents) Operate autonomously & re- plan daily Real-time glider data are used to 23 improve the model forecast (Wang et al., 2013) Gliders and Satellite Formation Flight Science Scientists Science Alerts Campaigns Science Event Manager Science Processes alerts and Agents Prioritizes response observations EO-1 Flight Dynamics Observation Tracks, orbit, overflights, Requests momentum management ASPEN Hyperion Schedules observations on EO-1 on EO-1 Updates to onboard plan 24 (Schofield et al., 2010) 2424 Contact Information Yi Chao [email protected] (626) 602-6186 25 .