9781405129213_5_ind.qxd 7/29/08 1:11 PM Page 665 Index Page numbers in italics refer to hepatic 72–3 figures; those in bold to tables. pelvic 73–4 perianal 360, 390–4, 392 ABCDE resuscitation sequence pericolic 386, 387, 388 601–3 pilonidal 393, 562–5 abdominal aortic aneurysms skin 561–2 492, 507–11 subphrenic 70–2, 358 abdominal examination 6 accessory pleomorphic adenoma abdominal pain 277–8, 278 158 central 303–17 achalasia 266–8 children 591 acids, ingestion 264–5 diverticulitis 387 acinic cell carcinoma 130 intestinal obstruction 308 acquired immune deficiency perforated peptic ulcer 286 syndrome (AIDS) 27–8 postoperative 35 acute limb ischaemia 514–17 abdominal surgery 41 acute renal failure 63–4, 91 antibiotic prophylaxis 103 acute tubular necrosis 63 bowel preparation 107–8 adenocarcinoma intravenous fluids 89 bladder 443 postoperative sepsis 66 gastro-oesophageal junction wound dehiscence 68, 68–9 270, 271 abdominal trauma 632–40 pancreas 342–3 blunt 633–40 stomach 294–5 penetrating 633 adenoid cystic carcinoma 130 abdominal wall defects, adenoma congenital 577–8 adrenal 196 abdominal X-rays (AXR) colonic 373–4 acute colitis 362 liver cell 336–7 intestinal obstruction 309, parathyroid 188, 190, 191–2 372 thyroid 181–2 kidneys, ureter and bladder admissions 2–8 (KUB) 428, 429 adrenalectomy neonates 581, 582, 582 Cushing’s syndrome trauma 636 196–7 abdominoperineal resection of laparoscopic 195–6 rectum 379–80, 383 adrenal glands aberration of normal (breast) adenomas 196 development and carcinoma 196, 197–8 COPYRIGHTEDinvolution (ANDI) 211 insufficiency MATERIAL 24 abscesses tumours 193–8 alveolar (dental) 156–7 adrenaline 49 breast 221–2 adrenocorticotrophic hormone cervical 137, 145, 147, 186 (ACTH) 196 665 9781405129213_5_ind.qxd 7/29/08 1:11 PM Page 666 666 Index Advanced Trauma Life Support glossitis 163 (ATLS) 600, 661 Plummer–Vinson syndrome age 268–9 breast cancer surgery and 231 anaesthesia, previous history 4 breast changes 203–4 anaesthetist 8–9, 11 breast disorders and 205 anal canal 391 AIDS 27–8 anal fissures 369, 397–8 air embolus 94 children 595–6 air enema, reduction of analgesia 98–101 intussusception 591 acute mild pain 101 airway acute moderate pain 100 burns injury 658, 661 acute severe pain 98–100 major trauma 601 burns 661 obstruction 14, 15, 254 chest trauma 623, 624 oropharyngeal 601 chronic pain 101 surgical 254–6 pancreatitis 350 albumin solution 85, 86 patient-controlled (PCA) 99 alcohol consumption 5 pulmonary embolism 56 alcoholism 331, 333, 354 anal sphincterotomy, lateral 398 aldosterone 197 anal sphincters 391 alimentary system see anal surgery, bowel preparation gastrointestinal tract 108 alkalis, ingestion 264–5 anaphylactic shock 48–9 allergies 5, 9 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma 5-α-reductase inhibitors 183 457 anastrozole 237 α-blockers 194, 457 aneurysms α-fetoprotein 338, 484, 485 arterial 507–13 alveolar abscess 156–7 berry 507 amaurosis fugax 519–20 false 507 ameloblastoma 158–9 femoral 406, 513 aminophylline 15 mycotic 507 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) popliteal 513, 514 362, 363 syphilitic 507 ampulla of Vater carcinomas angina 18, 492, 498 342–3, 344 angioplasty, lower limb 498–9 amputations 504–7 angiosarcoma, hepatic 337 above knee 504–5 ankle brachial pressure index antibiotic prophylaxis 103 (ABPI) 493, 493–4, 498, below knee 505 532, 533 ray 505–6 anorectal malformations toe 506 587–8 transmetatarsal 506 anorexia 3 traumatic, fingertips 650–1 anterior resection (of rectum) amylase, serum 349, 639 378–9, 385 anaemia anterior triangle of neck 127 colorectal cancer 376 lumps 135–42 gastric cancer 295 antibioma 147 9781405129213_5_ind.qxd 7/29/08 1:11 PM Page 667 Index 667 antibiotics 102–5 digital subtraction 495 acute infections 104 , 105 hazards 495–6 acute pancreatitis 351 transbrachial/transaxillary prophylactic 9, 15, 19, 102–5, 495 103 transfemoral 494–5 anticoagulants 105–7 arteriovenous fistulae 517–19 deep venous thrombosis As, Bs and Cs, preoperative therapy 54, 105–7 8–10 management of patients on ascites 329, 331 24–5 aspiration pneumonitis 45 prophylactic 9, 53, 105 aspirin 4–5, 25, 358, 496, 521 pulmonary embolism 56 assessment, preoperative 2–8 ulcerative colitis 362 assistant, surgical 11, 29 antiemetics 36, 99 assisting antiestrogens 236–7, 243 at laparoscopic surgery 79 antihistamines 48 at operation 29 antiplatelet agents 4–5, 25, 496, asthma 16–17 521 nocturnal 267 antithyroid agents 176, 177 atelectasis, postoperative 43–4, anuria, postoperative 32, 40–1, 44 60, 62 atherosclerosis 507 anus assessment 492 absent or ectopic 587–8 management 496 see also perianal region risk factor management 498, aorta, thoracic, traumatic 521 rupture 628 risk factors 492 aortic aneurysms 507–13 auricle, cervical 127 abdominal 492, 507–11 AVPU acronym 602 conventional repair 510 axilla endovascular repair 510–11 dissection 233–4 ruptured 508, 511–13 excision of sweat glands aortofemoral bypass 501 575–6 aphthous ulceration 164–5 hyperhidrosis 574, 575 appendicectomy radiotherapy 236 laparoscopic 306, 307 axillary lymph nodes 206, 207 open 304–5, 305 axillary vein thrombosis 52 appendicitis, acute 103, 303–6 axillofemoral/axillobifemoral APUD cells 192, 198 bypass 503 aromatase inhibitors 236–7, 243 axonotmesis 656 arterial blood gases 55, 624 azathioprine 362, 363 arterial surgery 103, 488–525 arteries bacterial overgrowth, small acute occlusion 514–17, 655 bowel 302 aneurysms 507–13 bacteriology 9 thrombosis 514–16 bad news, breaking 117–18, 119 trauma 507, 654–5 balanitis xerotica obliterans 468 arteriography 494–6, 509 balanoposthitis (balanitis) carotid artery 521 467–8 9781405129213_5_ind.qxd 7/29/08 1:11 PM Page 668 668 Index Ballance’s sign 636 preoperative preparation barium enema 361, 369, 376 9–10, 12 barium swallow 141, 259, 267 reactions 47–9 Barrett’s oesophagus 270, 275 trauma 602, 643 basal cell carcinoma (BCC; basal upper GI haemorrhage 291, cell epithelioma) 560–1 334 basal cell papilloma 539 blood vessel injuries 646, 654–5 basilic vein 93 blue naevus 553 Battle’s sign 611–12 blue toe syndrome 508 BCG, intravesical 446 Boerhaave’s syndrome 262–3 bed sores 76–7 boil 565 benign prostatic hyperplasia bone scan, technetium 461 (BPH) 454, 455–9 botulinum toxin injections 267, benzodiazepines 102 398 benzylpenicillin 103, 104 bowel see intestine β-blockers 194, 498 bowel habit 3 bile acid derivatives 320 change in 370, 376 bile duct bowel preparation 107–8 carcinoma Bowen’s disease 559 (cholangiocarcinoma) 337 brain common see common bile contusion 608 duct herniation 609 iatrogenic injury 323 laceration 608 biliary colic 319 brain injury 606–9, 608 biliary surgery, antibiotic primary 607–8 prophylaxis 103 secondary 608–9 biliary tract spasm 100 brain perfusion pressure (BPP) bilirubin metabolism 324 606 biochemistry 9 branchial cyst 137–8, 138 bisoprolol 498 branchial sinus/fistula 135–7 bladder BRCA1/2 genes 237–8 biopsy 449 breaking bad news 117–18, 119 outflow obstruction 455–9 breast 202–47 stones 441–3 abscesses 221–2 traumatic injuries 645 age changes 203–4 bladder tumours 443–8 augmentation 223–4 carcinoma in situ 444, 446 awareness 207 staging 444, 445, 446 benign nodularity (fibrocystic transurethral resection change) 211–13 (TURBT) 446, 447 cancer see breast cancer bleeding see haemorrhage cyclical changes 202, 217 blood cysts 204, 205, 215–16 cross-matched 9–10 developmental disorders loss estimation 291 223–4 preparations 87 dysplasia 211 blood-borne diseases 26–7 examination 206, 207 blood transfusion 87 fat necrosis 221 major burns 663 fibroadenoma 213–15 9781405129213_5_ind.qxd 7/29/08 1:11 PM Page 669 Index 669 fibroadenosis 211–13 pathological examination imaging 208 210–11 lobar anatomy 202, 203 triple assessment 204–5 lymphatic drainage 207 wide-bore needle (WBN) male 244–7 biopsy 209–10 ‘mouse’ 214 breathing, major trauma 601–2 normal 202–4 breathlessness, postoperative pain 204, 205, 216–17 32, 37 plastic surgery 223–4 Breslow thickness 554, 555 post-traumatic haematoma bronchodilators 15 221 bronchopneumonia, prosthesis 234–5, 238 postoperative 37, 43–4 reconstruction 238–41 bronchus, ruptured 628–9 reduction 224 bruits screening 209, 225–6 carotid artery 520, 521 self-examination 207 lower limb arteries 489, 490, breast cancer 224–47 492 advanced or recurrent 242–3 Buerger’s test 489 axillary dissection 233–4 burns 657–64 diagnosis 227 assessment 658–60, 659, 659 elderly women 230 fluid replacement 89, 661–3, familial 205–6, 237–8, 247 662 hormone receptors 236–7 major 661–4 late problems 241–3 minor 660 male 246–7 shock 658 management 229–30 burr holes, cranial 619–20 mastectomy see mastectomy bypass graft surgery, arterial metastatic 242 500, 501–4 nipple changes 218, 227 graft thrombosis 514 palliative care 236, 243 plastic surgery 238–41 calcitonin 184 postoperative adjuvant calcium 189 therapy 235–8, 239 calcium gluconate 63, 192, 351 screening 209, 225–6 calcium resonium 63 staging 227–9, 228, 229 candidiasis, tongue 163 surgery 230–5 caput medusae 330, 331 symptomatic 226–30 carbimazole 176, 177 wide local excision (WLE) carbuncle 565 226, 231–2, 235 carcinoembryonic antigen 338 breast care nurse 234 carcinoid syndrome 316 breast-feeding 205, 222 carcinoid tumours 316–17 breast lumps/disorders 204–24, cardiac tamponade 631 227 cardiovascular disease 17–19 benign 211–24 assessment 492 diagnosis 204–11, 212 management 496, 498 FNA cytology 209 risk factor management 498, malignant see breast cancer 521 open surgical biopsy 210, 226 risk factors 492 9781405129213_5_ind.qxd 7/29/08 1:11 PM Page 670 670 Index cardiovascular system Charles’