HEV TCP Buchcover2019_EINZELN_zw.indd 1 15.04.19 11:45 International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Hauls May 2019 www.ieahev.org Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (HEV TCP) is an international membership group formed to produce and disseminate balanced, objective information about advanced electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. It enables member countries to discuss their respective needs, share key information, and learn from an ever-growing pool of experience from the development and deployment of hybrid and electric vehicles. The TCP on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) but is functionally and legally autonomous. Views, findings and publications of the HEV TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries. Cover Photo: Scania’s El Camino truck developed for trials on three e-highway demonstration sites on public roads in Germany. The truck is equipped with pantograph power collectors, developed by Siemens and constructed to use e-highway infrastructure with electric power supplied from overhead lines. (Image Courtesy: Scania) The Electric Drive Hauls Cover Designer: Anita Theel ii International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) Annual Report Prepared by the Executive Committee and Task 1 over the Year 2018 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Hauls Editor: Gereon Meyer (Operating Agent Task 1, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Co-editors: Jadranka Dokic, Heike Jürgens (VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Contributing Authors: Ibtihal Ait Abdelmoula IRESEN Morocco René-Pierre Allard Natural Resources Canada Canada Zuiou Ashihara METI Japan Ahmet Avşar TÜBITAK MRC Turkey David Beeton Urban Foresight United Kingdom Kawtar Benabdelaziz IRESEN Morocco Andreas Bratland The Research Council of Norway Norway Graham Brennan SEAI Ireland Steven Boyd U.S. Department of Energy United States Carol Burelle Natural Resources Canada Canada Pierpaolo Cazzola IEA France Cristina Corchero IREC Spain Meally Declan SEAI Ireland Isabel del Olmo Florez IDAE Spain Özcan Deniz German Aerospace Center (DLR) Germany Andreas Dorda BMVIT Austria Rubal Dua King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Kingdom of Saudi Research Center Arabia David Howell U.S. Department of Energy United States Marte Jensen NCE Maritime CleanTech Norway Gerfried Jungmeier Joanneum Research Austria Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Martti Korkiakoski Tekes Finland Mikko Koskue Finpro Finland Juan Fco. Larrazábal Roche IDAE Spain Matthias Laske FZ Jülich Germany Jun Li CATARC China Ock Taeck Lim University of Ulsan Rep. of Korea Walter Mauritsch AustriaTech Austria Gereon Meyer VDI/VDE-IT Germany James F. Miller Argonne National Laboratory United States Carlo Mol VITO Belgium Sonja Munnix Netherlands Enterprise Agency The Netherlands Urs Muntwyler Bern University of Applied Sciences Switzerland Hannes Neupert EnergyBus Germany Burak Ozpineci Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States Maxime Pasquier ADEME France Mikko Pihlatie VTT Finland Michael Rask Raskgreentech Denmark Aymeric Rousseau Argonne National Laboratory United States Manel Sanmarti IREC Spain Stephan Schmid DLR Germany Francesco Vellucci ENEA Italy Melanie Vien-Walker Natural Resources Canada Canada Stephan Walter BFE Switzerland Tim Ward OLEV United Kingdom Martina Wikström Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Bert Witkamp Valuad Belgium iii Contents Page A: About HEV TCP 1 Chairperson’s Message 1 The IEA and its Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and 2 5 Electric Vehicles B: HEV TCP Tasks 3 Task 1 – Information Exchange 25 4 Task 23 – Light-Electric-Vehicle Parking and Charging Infrastructure 29 5 Task 25 – Plug-in Electric Vehicles 39 6 Task 26 – Wireless Power Transfer for EVs 57 7 Task 28 – Home Grids and V2X Technologies 67 8 Task 29 – Electrified, Connected and Automated Vehicles 75 9 Task 30 – Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles 79 10 Task 32 – Small Electric Vehicles 93 11 Task 33 – Battery Electric Buses 99 12 Task 34 – Batteries 111 13 Task 35 – Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 123 14 Task 36 – EV Consumer Adoption and Use 129 15 Task 37 – Extreme Fast Charging 133 16 Task 38 – e-Ships 137 17 Task 39 – Interoperability of E-Mobility Services 145 18 Task 40 – Critical Raw Material for Electric Vehicles - CRM4EV 151 19 Task 41 – Electric Freight Vehicles 157 20 Task 42 – Scaling-up EV Markets and EV City Casebook 163 v C: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (H&EVs) Worldwide 21 Overview 165 22 Austria 167 23 Belgium 177 24 Canada 211 25 Denmark 229 26 Finland 241 27 France 251 28 Germany 259 29 Ireland 273 30 Italy 277 31 The Netherlands 293 32 Norway 303 33 Republic of Korea (South Korea) 319 34 Spain 327 35 Sweden 335 36 Switzerland 345 37 Turkey 357 38 United Kingdom 367 39 United States 377 Developments in Selected HEV TCP Non-Member Countries: China, 40 391 Japan, Morocco D: Practical Information HEV TCP Publications 407 Vehicle Categories 415 Abbreviations 417 HEV TCP Contact Information 427 vi 1 Chairperson’s Message As the new Chairperson of the Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technology Collaboration Programme (HEV TCP), a part of the International Energy Agency’s Energy Technology Network, I have the pleasure to introduce the 2019 Annual Report. It’s an interesting time for anyone associated with or interested in electric vehicles, both from an industry and consumer perspective. Around the world, sales of EVs are growing at an accelerated rate. For the first time, global electric vehicle (EV) annual sales exceeded the 2 million mark in 2018, bringing the global population of EVs to just over 5 million. Some of the contributing factors include an increasing selection of vehicle models and types, the introduction of more affordable EV models, a significant increase in the availability of charging infrastructure, and financial incentives for both EVs and chargers. Figure 1: Schematic presentation of top-10 markets for plug-in vehicles which underlines the significance of China in the development of the sector (Source: EV volumes1) 1 http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/ www.ieahev.org 1 2019 HEV TCP ANNUAL REPORT Although EV sales continue to increase at a rate of approximately 60 % year-over- year, as shown in the figure above, there remain a number of technological challenges that require continued attention. Some of the key challenges include the cost of the EVs, which some say will reach price parity with conventional vehicles sometime in the mid-2020s, electric vehicle range, which will require breakthroughs in batteries to achieve desired energy density, and improved charging speeds without adversely affecting the batteries. With current global EV forecasts and aspirational EV sales targets2 , a great deal of attention is also being placed on the availability of critical raw materials for EVs and the readiness of the electricity grid to power these vehicles. The HEV TCP, with a membership of 18 countries and 1 sponsor, collaborates on shared projects (Tasks) to better understand these and other challenges, and provide guidance to policy makers. The TCP currently manages a total of 18 Tasks. The following are the most recently initiated Tasks, some of which touch on the key challenges or areas of interest identified above: • Task 39: Interoperability of e-Mobility Services • Task 40: Critical Raw Materials for EVs • Task 41: Electric Freight Vehicles • Task 42: EV Cities Casebook (start in 2019) • Task 43: Vehicle/Grid Integration (start in 2019) Also in 2018, the TCP closed Task 31, for which the final report “Fuels and energy carriers for transport: Impact of different drivetrain options, fuels and vehicle use on GHG emissions of cars” is available for download on the HEV-TCP website at http://www.ieahev.org/. The current five-year term of the HEV TCP will end in February 2020. In the summer of 2019, the TCP will submit a request for extension to the International Energy Agency for another five-year term. This will consist of an End-of-Term Report and a new Strategic Plan for the period 2020-2025. The next Executive Committee (ExCo) Meeting will be held in Lyon, France, in May 2019, in conjunction with the EVS32, the 32nd International Electric Vehicle Symposium. At this meeting, we will formally welcome Norway as the newest member of the TCP, as of January 2019. Norway, is a recognized global leader in the adoption of EVs, and is a great addition to the TCP. 2 IEA’s Electric Vehicles Initiative (30 % EV sales by 2030); ZEV Alliance (100 % EV sales in 2050); individual countries (100 % EV sales by 2040) 2 www.ieahev.org CHAPTER 1 – CHAIRPERSON’S MESSAGE Acknowledgements As the new Chairperson for the HEV TCP, elected in October 2018, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Urs Muntwyler (Switzerland) for his dedication in serving as the Chairperson of the HEV TCP for the last 20 years. I also wish to recognize the continued excellent support provided by Dr. James Miller (Argonne National Laboratory) as the HEV TCP Secretary, and the generous contribution from the US Department of Energy for financing the position of the Secretary. Two Deputy Chairs, David Howell (USA) and Ock Taeck Lim (South Korea) also support the HEV TCP ExCo. In addition to the ExCo, the management of the TCP includes the work of two sub-committees, the Strategic Planning Group and the Technical Committee, which count on the participation of various ExCo members. My appreciation goes out to the Operating Agents running the Tasks for their excellent leadership and hard work, as well as to the Task participants for their continued involvement. As Chairperson, finally yet importantly, I wish to thank the member country delegates for their strong participation in ExCo meetings and other activities of the TCP.