STAFFORDSHIRE EXTENSIVE URBAN SURVEY STAFFORD Historic Character Assessment JUNE 2009 REVISED AUGUST 2011 Staffordshire County Council English Heritage DRAFT – Staffordshire EUS: Stafford Historic Character Assessment STAFFORDSHIRE EXTENSIVE URBAN SURVEY STAFFORD, STAFFORD BOROUGH CONTROLLED DOCUMENT Staffordshire County Council EC4609.R03 Document No: Status: Draft Rev. No: 4 Name Signature Date Prepared by: Debbie Langley 01/07/2009 Checked by: Stephen Dean 13/10/2011 SCC Approved: Revision Record Rev. Date By Summary of Changes Chkd Aprvd 1. 28/07/2009 DAL Following comments from Matthew SAD SAD Blake (Stafford Record Office) 2. 26/08/2011 DAL Re-working of report following SAD SAD amendments to methodology agreed in 2009. 3. 13/10/2011 DAT Following comments and editing SAD SAD from Stephen Dean 4. 12/03/2012 DAT Following comments and editing from Naomi Perry and Penny McKnight (Stafford Borough Council) 2 DRAFT – Staffordshire EUS: Stafford Historic Character Assessment Copyright © Staffordshire County Council Cultural Environment Team Environment and Countryside Development Services Directorate Staffordshire County Council Riverway Stafford ST16 3TJ Tel: 01785 277285 Email: [email protected] Mapping in this volume is based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office © Crown copyright and/or database right 2011 all rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Staffordshire County Council Licence No. 100019422 August 2011 3 DRAFT – Staffordshire EUS: Stafford Historic Character Assessment CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 8 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 12 Background ......................................................................................................... 12 Aim ......................................................................................................................... 13 Outputs ................................................................................................................. 13 PART ONE: BACKGROUND AND SETTING ......................................................... 14 Section summary ............................................................................................... 14 1. Setting ................................................................................................................ 17 1.1 Location ......................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Geology & Topography .............................................................................. 18 1.3 Sources .......................................................................................................... 20 1.3.1 Historical ........................................................................................ 20 1.3.2 Cartographic .................................................................................. 20 1.3.3 Archaeological ............................................................................... 20 2. Context and historical development ................................................................ 21 2.1 Prehistoric ..................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Roman (AD43 to AD409) ............................................................................ 23 2.3 Early Medieval Part 1(AD 410 to AD 913) .............................................. 25 2.3.1 Placename ..................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Economy ........................................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Religion .......................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 Settlement ...................................................................................... 29 2.3.5 Communications ............................................................................ 30 2.4 Early Medieval Part 2 (913AD to 1065AD) ............................................. 30 2.4.1 Burh ............................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Settlement ...................................................................................... 31 2.4.3 Economic ....................................................................................... 33 2.4.4 Religious ........................................................................................ 34 2.5 Medieval (1066 to 1499) ............................................................................. 34 2.5.1 Town walls ..................................................................................... 34 2.5.2 Castle............................................................................................. 37 2.5.3 Settlement ...................................................................................... 39 2.5.4 Administration and Education ........................................................ 45 2.5.5 Economy ........................................................................................ 46 2.5.6 Religion .......................................................................................... 50 2.5.7 Communications ............................................................................ 54 2.6 Post Medieval (1500 to 1699) .................................................................... 54 2.6.1 Town walls ..................................................................................... 54 2.6.2 Castle (Baronial) ............................................................................ 55 2.6.3 Settlement ...................................................................................... 55 2.6.4 Administration, Welfare and Education .......................................... 58 2.6.5 Economy ........................................................................................ 60 2.6.6 Religion .......................................................................................... 63 2.6.7 Communications ............................................................................ 64 2.7 18th & 19th century (1700 to 1899) ............................................................ 64 2.7.1 Town Gates ................................................................................... 64 2.7.2 Castle (Baronial) ............................................................................ 64 2.7.3 Settlement ...................................................................................... 65 4 DRAFT – Staffordshire EUS: Stafford Historic Character Assessment 2.7.4 Administration, Education & Welfare ............................................. 69 2.7.5 Economy ........................................................................................ 72 2.7.6 Religion .......................................................................................... 77 2.7.7 Communications ............................................................................ 79 2.8 20th & 21st century (1900 to circa 2010) ................................................. 80 2.8.1 Settlement ...................................................................................... 80 2.8.2 Open land and parks ..................................................................... 82 2.8.3. Administration, Education & Welfare ............................................ 82 2.8.4 Economy ........................................................................................ 85 2.8.5 Religion .......................................................................................... 87 2.8.6 Communications ............................................................................ 87 PART TWO: CHARACTERISATION AND ASSESSMENT .......................... 89 Section summary ..................................................................................... 89 3. Statement of Historic Urban Character .................................................. 92 3.2 Statement of Historic Urban Character (HUC) ..................................... 92 3.2.1 Heritage values .............................................................................. 92 3.2.2 Assessment of value ...................................................................... 94 4. Assessment of Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCA) ..................... 97 4.1 HUCA 1: Eastern half of Stafford Town ............................................ 98 4.1.1 Statement of heritage significance ................................................. 98 4.1.2 Built Character ............................................................................. 100 4.1.3 Heritage values ............................................................................ 102 4.1.4 Recommendations ....................................................................... 103 4.2 HUCA 2: St Mary’s Church, Stafford .............................................. 105 4.2.1 Statement of heritage significance ............................................... 105 4.2.2 Built Character ............................................................................. 106 4.2.3 Heritage Values ........................................................................... 107 4.2.3 Recommendations ......................................................................