E x p l o r a t i o n s i n l a t E s c h o l a s t i c i s m Petr Dvořák, Tomáš Machula (eds.) EXPLORATIONS IN LATE SCHOLASTICISM LATE IN EXPLORATIONS .) eds ( T. MACHULA T. / DVOŘÁK Filosofický časopis ISBN 978-80-7007-473-2 P. Special Issue 2016 ISSN 0015-1831 9 788070 074732 Explorations in Late Scholasticism Filosofický časopis / Journal of Philosophy Special Issue 2016 Petr Dvořák and Tomáš Machula (editors) © Filosofický časopis © FILOSOFIA Prague 2020 Published with the support of the Czech Academy of Sciences. F All articles have been peer reviewed. All rights reserved. If you would like to buy this volume please contact the editorial house FILOSOFIA at the following postal address and e-mail: Filosofia, Jilská 1, Prague 1, Czech Republic [email protected] © Filosofický časopis, Special Issue 2016 © Filosofia 2016 , Institute of Philosophy, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague Edited by © Petr Dvořák and Tomáš Machula Cover © Jan Dobeš, Designiq ISSN 0015-1831 ISBN 978-80-7007-473-2 (print book) ISBN 978-80-7007-607-1 (e-book) DOI 10.47376/filosofia.2017.1 Filosofický časopis Special Issue 2016 Contents P. Dvořák, T. Machula Editorial 5 Thomism D. Peroutka Poinsot’s Compatibilism: An Inspiration for Moral Psychology 9 D. Svoboda John Poinsot on Categorial Relations 23 T. Machula The Way to the Secularisation of the Natural Law 41 Scotism L. Novák Hylomorphism between Thomism and Scotism 61 Jesuit Scholasticism D. Heider Suárez on the Lower External Senses 81 U. G. Leinsle Ontology and Experience – Rodrigo de Arriaga and Christoph Haunold on the “Species sensibiles” 103 D. D. Novotný Arriaga (and Hurtado) against the Baroque Mainstream: The Case of Ens rationis 119 Other Scholastics J. Schmutz Was Duns Scotus a Voluntarist? Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz against the Bratislava Franciscans 147 P. Dvořák Augustin Erath’s reconciliation of Thomist and Molinist Doctrines on Grace and Free Human Action 185 Filosofický časopis Special Issue 2016 5 Editorial This supplemental issue of Filosofický časopis, dedicated to the eighty-fifth birthday of professor Stanislav Sousedík, is in a sense his dream come true. As his former students, we attest to the fact that it was he who entertained the boldest dreams and visions for the future during our meetings. In communist times prior to 1989 professor Sousedík was banned from working in the capacity of a regular university teacher. Teaching and educating new generations of scholars was opened to him at about the time of his sixtieth birthday. The new opportunity to make his dreams come true has given him new energy, and we must say he is still keeping his youthful vigour. Professor Sousedík belongs to those scholars who assisted at the birth of the study of the so-called Second Scholasticism, or the early modern university philosophy that had been underestimated and neglected for a long time previously. Times have changed, and this current of philosophy and theology has become popular among many scholars today. Francisco Suárez, Francisco de Vitoria, Rodrigo de Arriaga etc. all represent an intellectual elite of their times. They were indeed the decisive persons for the intellectual milieu of the Modern era. Professor Sousedík’s research began in hard times characterized by ideological restrictions on post-medieval scholastic studies, resulting in their virtual neglect, and in neglect of himself personally. Despite all the trouble professor Sousedík has produced a substantial amount of high quality, pioneering, and respected work. His former students and colleagues follow in his footsteps. His research into the Second Scholasticism did not remain on a purely historical level. He developed a keen interest also in the field of analytic philosophy, and looked for ways in which medieval and early modern Scholasticism might contribute to discussions in the disciplines of logic and metaphysics. At an age when many people live only from their past, professor Sousedík began to realize his project. Twenty years ago the British philosopher John Haldane presented his concept of Analytical Thomism. Sharing this analytical approach, professor 6 Tomáš Machula, Petr Dvořák Sousedík and his followers hold to a somewhat wider perspective that is not limited to the Thomistic tradition only, but spans other scholastic currents as well. They developed the program of Analytical Scholasticism which has become known on an international level. Dreams have become reality because they were not mere dreams but realistic visions. Analytical Scholasticism was taken up as a program of the Research Group for Post-Medieval Scholasticism that comprises scholars from the Faculty of Theology, University of South Bohemia and the Institute of Philosophy, Czech Academy of Sciences. The succesful career of the journal Studia Neoaristotelica, the first editor-in-chief of which was Prof. Sousedík himself, is also worth mentioning. This journal is published in Germany and has an international editorial board, including members from the Research Group. The last point we want to emphasise is the personality of professor Sousedík as human, scholar and teacher. As his former students we gratefully remember and emulate his cordial approach to us. During our studies we experienced both the demands on us as well as his respect for our efforts and results. The scholarly honesty he strived to pass on to us shines through his personal history. He spent the best years of his life on construction sites working as a manual laborer and plumber, a man disrespected by the communist regime, pushed away from official academic work to manual labour (which he has never held in low esteem). Despite difficulties he did not give up his studies and scholarly work, which he regarded as his highest tasks in life. Under complicated circumstances he was able to graduate, to work in the scholarly field, to be in contact with his colleagues abroad and amidst all this to lead a life free from grave moral compromises. Now, like the Old Testament patriarch Abraham, he has lived to see his scholarly offsprings at an age when it did not seem very likely to expect posterity. This is a manifestation of his human and professional honesty and his truly Abrahamic trust in Divine Provi- dence. Petr Dvořák and Tomáš Machula Thomism Filosofický časopis Special Issue 2016 9 Poinsot’s Compatibilism: An Inspiration for Moral Psychology David Peroutka Faculty of Philosophy, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem [email protected] The compatibilist about free will claims that volitions (acts of will) can be both necessitated by a determination and free. According to compatibilism (in general) it is coherently conceivable that a person willing A cannot will non-A (under the same set of conditions) and, simultaneously, such voli tion of A is still an expression of her freedom. Given this very broad definition of compatibilism we may note that Portuguese Dominican João Poinsot (1589–1644), by religious name Johannes a S. Thoma, prominent thomist 1 thinker of the early-modern period, was a compatibilist. My intention, however, is not to investigate in detail his complex account of free will, but rather just to point out some interesting aspects of his theory, namely those which can – as I will try to show – be useful and fertile for our present-day ethical thinking. I am not mainly interested in history of philosophy, but in philosophy. The final thoughts of this article will not be those of Poinsot but they will form my attempt to contribute to (meta) ethical discussions. First of all I have to specify the kind of compatibilism which will be taken into consideration. It is neither the “physicalist” compatibilism rejected e.g. by Peter von Inwagen as contradicting the assumption of human 2 responsibility; nor will I examine the Poinsot’s attempt to harmonize the 3 Divine “premotion” with our freedom. I will rather speak of a “rational 1 For biographical profile of the thinker see Lavaud, B.,Appendice II – Jean de Saint Thomas (1589– 1644). L’homme et l’oeuvre. In: Saint-Thomas, J. de, Introduction à la théologie de s. Thomas. Explication de l’ordre et de l’enchainement des traités et questions de la Somme théologique. Tr. di B. Lavaud. Paris, André Blot 1928, p. 411–446. 2 Inwagen, P. van, An Essay on Free Will. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1983. 3 Such Poinsot’s theological issues are surveyed for example in the dissertation thesis of Mahon- ski, T. J., The Radical Interiority of Liberty according to the Principles of John of Saint Thomas O.P. Roma, Officium Libri Catholici 1962. 10 David Peroutka 4 compatibilism”, a position untouched by van Inwagen’s argument. Here the necessity in question is neither that of laws of nature nor that of immutable God’s decrees. The admitted psychological necessity of volition is caused by 5 respective unambiguous rational view of the willing person. In our epoch the rational compatibilism has been indicated by Daniel 6 Dennett (despite his physicalism ) and by Susan Wolf. Dennett remarks: “[W] hen I say I cannot do otherwise I mean I cannot because I see so clearly what the situation is and because my rational control faculty is not impaired. It is 7 too obvious what to do; reason dictates it…”. Similarly Susan Wolf: “[O]ne explanation for why an agent might not be able to do otherwise is that it is so obviously rational to do what she plans to do and the agent is too rational 8 to ignore that fact.” We will see that a certain kind of rational compatibilism is already present in the thomist tradition. Before the historical exploration, some brief observations on the notion of compatibilism and libertarianism are needed. Above all, compatibilism as 9 such does not suppose any “global” determinism.