Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Themes in Biblical Narrative Jewish and Christian Traditions Editorial Board Jacques T.A.G.M. van Ruiten Robert A. Kugler Loren T. Stuckenbruck Advisory Board Reinhard Feldmeier George H. van Kooten Judith Lieu Hindy Najman Martti Nissinen J. Ross Wagner Robyn Whitaker volume 28 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/tbn Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Edited by Andrew B. Perrin Loren T. Stuckenbruck With the assistance of Shelby Bennett Matthew Hama LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: “Daniel’s Vision of the Four Beasts.” Woodcut by Hans Holbein the Younger (ca. 1497–1543). Image via WikiCommons (public domain) transferred from Arthur M. Hind, ed., Great Engravers: Hans Holbein the Younger: His Old Testament Illustrations, Dance of Death, and Other Woodcuts (London: William Heinemann, 1912). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Perrin, Andrew B., editor. | Stuckenbruck, Loren T., editor. Title: Four kingdom motifs before and beyond the book of Daniel / edited by Andrew Perrin, Loren T. Stuckenbruck ; with the assistance of Shelby Bennett, Matthew Hama. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2021. | Series: Themes in biblical narrative, 1388-3909 ; 26 | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Identifiers: LCCN 2020040630 (print) | LCCN 2020040631 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004442795 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9789004443280 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Bible. Daniel—Criticism, interpretation, etc. Classification: LCC BS1555.52 .F68 2021 (print) | LCC BS1555.52 (ebook) | DDC 224/.506—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020040630 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020040631 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1388-3909 ISBN 978-90-04-44279-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-44328-0 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Andrew B. Perrin and Loren T. Stuckenbruck. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Abbreviations vii Introduction to the Four Kingdoms as a Time Bound, Timeless, and Timely Historiographical Mechanism and Literary Motif 1 Andrew B. Perrin The Four Kingdoms and Other Chronological Conceptions in the Book of Daniel 13 Michael Segal Five Kingdoms, and Talking Beasts: Some Old Greek Variants in Relation to Daniel’s Four Kingdoms 39 Ian Young The Four (Animal) Kingdoms: Understanding Empires as Beastly Bodies 56 Alexandria Frisch The Apocalypse of Weeks: Periodization and Tradition-Historical Context 81 Loren T. Stuckenbruck Expressions of Empire and Four Kingdoms Patterns in the Aramaic Dead Sea Scrolls 96 Andrew B. Perrin The Four Kingdoms Motif and Sibylline Temporality in Sibylline Oracles 4 121 Olivia Stewart Lester The Generation of Iron and the Final Stumbling Block: The Present Time in Hesiod’s Works and Days 106–201 and Barnabas 4 142 Kylie Crabbe The Four Kingdoms of Daniel in Hippolytus’s Commentary on Daniel 167 Katharina Bracht Persia, Rome and the Four Kingdoms Motif in the Babylonian Talmud 191 Geoffrey Herman vi Contents The Four Kingdoms of Daniel in the Early Mediaeval Apocalyptic Tradition 205 Lorenzo DiTommaso The Four Kingdom Schema and the Seventy Weeks in the Arabic Reception of Daniel 251 Miriam L. Hjälm Conflicting Traditions: The Interpretation of Daniel’s Four Kingdoms in the Ethiopic Commentary (Tergwāmē) Tradition 275 James R. Hamrick The Politics of Time: Epistemic Shifts and the Reception History of the Four Kingdoms Schema 300 Brennan Breed Index of Primary Sources 329 Index of Modern Authors 348 Abbreviations In addition to standard abbreviations in The SBL Handbook of Style: Second Edition, the volume includes the following for journals, reference volumes, and monograph series. AeF Aethiopistische Forschungen ajh Acta Juridica Hungarica AmBR American Benedictine Review AnE Annales d’Ethiopie AnEM Anuario de estudios medievales ArB Art Bulletin assl Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen asrsp Archivio della Società romana di storia patria bb Bibliothèque de Byzantion bcaw Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World bcct Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition bcema Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre bgl Bibliothek der griechischen Literatur BibAr Biblia Arabica bsaw Berlin Studies of the Ancient World bzkp Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie cco Collectanea Christiana Orientalia ccr Cambridge Companions to Religion ccs Cambridge Classical Studies cls Comparative Literature Studies cr Classical Review ctsrr College Theology Society Resources in Religion daem Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters doml Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library dos Dumbarton Oaks Studies ec Early Christianity ema Égypte/Monde arabe eme Early Medieval Europe es Études syriaques ethdt Études et textes pour l’histoire du dogme de la trinité gcs.nf Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte: Neue Folge gsecp Gorgias Studies in Early Christianity and Patristics jaj Journal of Ancient Judaism viii Abbreviations JAJSup Journal of Ancient Judaism Supplements jsij Jewish Studies Internet Journal jsjs Journal for the Study of Judaism Supplements lahr Late Antique History and Religion ldss The Literature of the Dead Sea Scrolls mdtc Materiali e discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici meg Medioevo Greco: Rivista di storia e filologia bizantina mf Mittelalter-Forschungen mghsrg Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum mipts Mediaeval Iberian Peninsula Texts and Studies ml Mediaevalia Lovaniensia mschfm Millennium Studies in the Culture and History of the First Millennium CE ngwg Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, philologisch-historische Klasse nss Nuovi Studi Storici PatMS Patristic monograph series paps Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society pcps Proceedings of the Classical Philological Society pta Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen RevRo Revue roumaine d’histoire rp Res publica rse Rassegna di Studi Etiopici scrk Studien zur christlichen Religions und Kulturgeschichte shct Studies in the History of Christian Traditions sjsj Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism ss Scriptores Syri stac Studien Und Texte Zu Antike Und Christentum THBSup Supplements to the Textual History of the Bible tm Temas Medievales tsmj Texts and Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Judaism VCSup Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae wmbc Westminster Bible Companion Introduction to the Four Kingdoms as a Time Bound, Timeless, and Timely Historiographical Mechanism and Literary Motif Andrew B. Perrin 1 New Directions for a Discussion on Four Kingdoms This collection of essays is the result of a collaborative project between Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Trinity Western University. Our venture began as a small conference in Munich (August 7–8, 2018).1 The outcomes of our conversations there both answered questions and posed new ones. As such, we extended invitations to a larger group of scholars to include voices that were both international and interdisciplinary. The topic that united all of these contributions was the historiographical mechanism and motif of the four kingdoms. The four kingdoms schema has enabled writers of various cultures, times, and locations, to periodize all of history as the staged succession of empires barreling towards the consummation of history and arrival of a utopian age. The motif provided order to lived experiences under empire (the present), in view of ancestral traditions and cultural heritage (the past), and inspired out- looks assuring hope, deliverance, and restoration (the future). Research on the historical origins, imperial identifications, history of interpretation, and con- temporary applications of the four kingdoms pattern is expansive.2 The pres- ent project both draws upon and extends these studies on the mechanism’s formulation and reformation before, in, and beyond the book of Daniel in three key ways. First, research on the four kingdoms traditionally adopts a quest for origins approach. That is, pursuing and identifying the earliest expressions of this idea—whether in known external sources or redactional histories of biblical 1 Funding for the event was provided by the Canada Research Chair in Religious Identities of Ancient Judaism at Trinity Western University, the Chair of New Testament Studies at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung. 2 Given that