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When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Archaeology, English, and History Roger Machado: A Life in Objects by Gemma Louise Watson Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2013 ii UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Abstract FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Archaeology, English, and History Doctor of Philosophy ROGER MACHADO: A LIFE IN OBJECTS by Gemma Louise Watson This thesis is the micro-history of Roger Machado, who is best known as Leicester Herald for Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III, and the senior herald, Richmond King of Arms, for Henry VII. Prior to this thesis, Machado has only been sparsely considered by scholars because he is elusive in the historical record. There is, in the College of Arms, his extant memorandum book, but otherwise, sources referring to him are few and far between. However, in the 1970s, Machado’s Southampton residence was excavated, which unearthed a rich artefact assemblage associated with his occupancy. This discovery has allowed for a fresh perspective on Machado’s life. This thesis, therefore, uses both documentary and archaeological sources to unlock the man from the records, and consequently, places a strong emphasis on the importance of interdisciplinary research. By pursuing a micro-historical approach that focusses on Machado’s engagement with objects, this thesis uses Machado as a window into the world in which he lived. Machado lived through the later years of the Wars of the Roses and through the entire reign of the Tudor dynasty’s first monarch, Henry VII. Therefore, his life is well placed to enable this thesis to consider broader themes. The first chapter discusses the micro-historical approach. The second chapter discusses how Machado, as a foreigner, came to work and live in England, how he came to join the exiled Henry Tudor, and examines the herald and Office of Arms in the fifteenth century. The third chapter considers the ceremonial role that Machado and the heralds played at the Yorkist and early Tudor courts. The fourth chapter considers Machado’s life and home in early Tudor Southampton, using the objects excavated from his house and others recorded in his extant inventory. The fifth chapter discusses how Machado would have used such objects in dining. iii iv Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. ix Declaration of Authorship ...................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ xiii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. xv Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................1 Machado’s Objects ....................................................................................................................................4 Organisation of Thesis ............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1: An Interdisciplinary Micro-History ................................................................. 9 Micro-History ..............................................................................................................................................9 Material Culture ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Interdisciplinarity and the Biographer ......................................................................................... 12 Documentary Archaeology ................................................................................................................. 13 Micro-History and the Museum ....................................................................................................... 16 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2: The Rebel Herald ................................................................................................. 19 A Portuguese Herald Comes to England ....................................................................................... 19 Machado and the Buckingham Rebellion of 1483.................................................................... 21 Machado’s Notes of Expenses owed from the Marquis of Dorset ................................ 22 Machado and the Four Southampton Rebels ......................................................................... 24 Machado in Exile ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Machado’s Inventory and Mercantile Accounts ................................................................... 27 Henry Tudor’s Exile, 1471-1484 ................................................................................................. 32 Henry Tudor’s Exile, 1484-1485 ................................................................................................. 33 Machado’s Return to England with Henry Tudor .................................................................... 34 Machado and the English Heralds ................................................................................................... 36 Machado’s Grants of Arms ............................................................................................................. 38 The Hierarchy of the Office of Arms .......................................................................................... 39 v Machado and Other Heralds .............................................................................................................. 49 Machado’s Wages and Rewards ....................................................................................................... 52 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 3: The Herald in Royal Ceremonial .................................................................... 57 The Heralds’ Organisational Role in Ceremony ........................................................................ 57 Heralds as Recorders of Ceremony ................................................................................................ 61 Machado’s Ceremonial Narratives ............................................................................................. 66 Legitimisation through the Heralds and their Objects .......................................................... 71 Edward IV’s Funeral ......................................................................................................................... 72 Royal Christenings ............................................................................................................................ 84 Coronations .......................................................................................................................................... 86 The Heralds and the Tournament ................................................................................................... 91 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 97 Chapter 4: A Herald’s Home in Tudor Southampton .................................................... 99 Machado and the Town of Southampton ..................................................................................... 99 Machado’s Material Life and Southampton High Society .................................................. 106 Machado’s House ............................................................................................................................ 109 Interior Furnishings .....................................................................................................................