The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar ÉCOLE DOCTORALE THÈSE présentée par : AZADARMAKI Marzieh Soutenue le : 26 Novembre 2012 Pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers Discipline/ Spécialité: Histoire des Techniques The Emergence of Shopping Centers and the Synchronic Continuity of the Tajrish Traditional Bazaar A Comparative Study of the Tajrish Traditional Bazaar and the Ghaem and Tandiis Modern Shopping Centers (Tehran) and their Relationship THÈSE dirigée par: GUILLERME André RAPPORTEURS : CHELKOFF Gregoire Directeur de recherche - Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Grenoble BOUILLON Didier Professeur à l'Ecole du paysage de Versailles Jury: GUILLERME André professeur- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers(CNAM), Paris BURGEL Guy professeur- Université de Nanterre Paris The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar Dedicated to My dear husband who tolerated my absence during the study years My father and mother who have always been the most powerful encouragers of my life Rezvaneh and Amin my beloved sister and brother And my two wonderful daughters who overfill my life with joy The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar Thanks to: I would like to thank all university professors either in Iran or France who have given me suitable suggestions and consults on my work Professor Guy Brugel, Professor André Guillerrme, Professor Taghi Azadarmaki, Professor Mansour Falamkai, Dr. Tehrani, Dr. Mohsen Habibi, Dr. Piruz Hanachi, Dr. Hamed Mazaherian, Dr. Amir Mansouri, Dr. Vahid Shalchi, Dr. Mohammad Javad Mahdavinejad and many others who I may have forgotten. Also special thanks to ones so helpful in the following organizations, universities or libraries that cooperated in handing documents and archives: the Monde Iranienne et Indienne, Université Paris 3, a Paris, CDUT (Centre Documents Urbaine) a la Défense, a Paris, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), Paris, Institut d’Urbanisme de Paris(IUP), Université Paris XII, a Paris, Institut Français d’Urbanisme(IFU), a Paris, BNF(Bibliothèque Nationale de France), Bibliothèque d’Université de Téhéran, Beaux Arts, en Iran, Bibliothèque d’Université de Shahid Beheshti, Beaux Arts, en Iran, Bibliothèque d’Université de Elm O Sanat, Architecture et Urbanisme, en Iran. And at the end I would like to thank all friends and family members who have also had a significant role in achieving this research. The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar List of Contents: GENERALITIES OF RESEARCH v Introduction v Status of Problem v Importance & Necessity of the thesis v Purpose of the thesis v Literature Review CHAPTER ONE: Theoretical Approach & Methodology v Theoretical Approach v Methodology CHAPTER TWO: The Bazaar and the tradition of the Iranian city Part 1: The Iranian Traditional Bazaar v Urban Structure in Iranian historical cities and the City System v The Bazaar position in the Iranian city v The functionality and Morphology of the Iranian Traditional Bazaar v The Etymology and definition of bazaar v Bazaar Skeletal Features Economical Elements Religious, social and cultural elements Connective and security elements v Types of Bazaar v The main functionalities of the Iranian bazaar Economical - Political functions Religious functions Social- Cultural Functions Part 2: Introducing Three Iranian Traditional Bazaars v The Grand bazaar of Tehran v The Tabriz bazaar v The Semnan bazaar The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar CHAPTER THREE: Modern Life and Shopping Center in New Iranian cities Part 1: Modernism and Shopping v Consumption, Shopping, and the Metropolis Man v Modernity, Shopping Centers and Strolling v The History and Evolution of Shopping Centers What are shopping centers? Shopping Center Features Shopping Center Grouping Shopping and Window-shop Feminine Features in Shopping Centers v Modernity and Urban Life in Iran v Modernity, Iranian Traditional Bazaar and the Modern Shopping Centers Part 2: Introducing Three Iranian Modern Shopping Centers in Tehran v Golestan Shopping Center v Tirajeh Shopping Center v Nasr Shopping center CHAPTER FOUR: The Architectural Features of the Site (Tajrish District) v An Introduction to the Site Part 1: The Historical Site v The Tajrish Traditional Bazaar Analyzing architectural features via pictures 1. Change in Architectural features of the bazaar 2. Change in the Ambience of the bazaar Part 2: The Modern Site v The Ghaem & Tandiis Modern Shopping Centers The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar CHAPTER FIVE: The Users Approach to the Site v Research achievements Feedbacks Place: The Traditional Bazaar Place: Tandiis Shopping Center Conclusion References Annexes List of Tables Resume The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar GENERALITIES OF RESEARCH The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar Introduction Iran is a country of thousands of years; some of its cities have the same age as it.During this period, it has often attended various conflicts and challenges. Its location between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, presents a multitude of changes and invasions. The international and regional externalities and the various internal factors in turn led to successive conflicts in the history of this country. Iran is a country with different climates and cultures and has engaged in international conflicts either consciously or unconsciously. In addition to the many destructive elements, there are also cultural and social elements that contribute to the cultural and social sustainability of Iran. These cultural elements and social relationships are formed as part of a set of institutions which have an abstract spatial incarnation. These spatial and material representations are an inseparable part of social and cultural relations. It is unthinkable that institutions and social relationships can survive without these physical spaces. This is why the life and death of the physical space is involved in the life and death of social relations and cultural meanings. The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar The bazaar is one of the institutions that have an irreplaceable function in conserving the cultural identity of Iran."Bazaar" is one of the main segments of Iranian cities and has thereby formed a social institution relative to other institutions in cities. This social institution has always been in relation with two other important social institutions of the Iranian and eastern history, religion & politics (Azadarmaki, 2012)1. The emergence of these three institutions in the central parts of the Iranian historical cities is an index for this issue, whereas these three institutions have always been the moderation of power in Iran. The "Bazaar", is somewhat different from the Market in the Iranian city. It is not merely an economic connection, but its social and cultural functions have the same importance as its economical connections. Some believe the bazaar is a representation of the identity of a social location, because it contains different functions in one complex, functions such as trades markets, mosques, schools, hammams and etc which each have numerous social functions. The Iranian Bazaar has a very long history and according to historical evidences the bazaar has always been a main element in forming Iranian cities. The Iranian bazaar is the symbol of urban life and the clearest emblem of habitancy in Iranian ecosystems. It has always had a great significance in city and many city developments and expansions were based on the bazaar location and figure (Ashraf, 1974)2. It was the backbone of the city formation and indicated as the main route which joint the outer port of the city to the high priority core of the city - the central square and the grand mosque- and as for that, substantial paths always directly or indirectly led to the bazaar, in addition in some cases the bazaar would continue to connect one city port to the other. The spatial presence of the bazaar in the heart of an Iranian city and close to other historical monuments reveals the primordial status of the bazaar in city. A city without a bazaar is not an Iranian city. With its physical spatial dimension, the bazaar is the most beautiful 1 AZADARMAKI, Taghi (1391, 2012) Nazariyey’e Jameye’e Irani:Elm Press (in Persian) [Theories of the Iranian society] 2 ASHRAF, Ahmad (1353/1974) Vijegi haye Tarikhiyeh Shahrneshini dar Iran Doreyeh Eslami:Name Olum Ejtemayee Journal, no.4(in Persian)[The historical urban features in Iran in the Islamic period] The Emergence of Shopping Centers & the Synchronic Continuity of Tajrish Traditional Bazaar architectural space that has ever lived. These achievements are still alive in most historical cities. During the two contemporary Iranian Revolutions in 1906 and 1979; the bazaar has played a key role, however recently this social center in Iran has met a serious danger that arises both in social, economic and cultural relations and also in its spatial and material matters. If things go on as they are, the bazaar will find itself increasingly weakened. The consequences in the Iranian society are much more effective