The Smithfield Review Studies in the history of the region west of the Blue Ridge Volume 21, 2017 Published by the Smithfield-Preston Foundation in cooperation with Virginia Tech Libraries and the Department of History, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia The Smithfield Review is published annually, in the spring, by the Smithfield- Preston Foundation, Blacksburg, Virginia, in cooperation with Virginia Tech Libraries and the Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech). Subscriptions are $14 per year plus Virginia sales tax (currently 5.3 percent) and $3.50 shipping/handling per copy. Individual copies are available from Smithfield Museum Store 1000 Plantation Road Blacksburg, VA 24060 or by calling 1/540-231-3947 or e-mailing [email protected]. Multiple copies, including the entire set of 21 volumes, are available at a discount. Use the above contact information to inquire about multiple copies and/or sets. ISSN 1093-9652 ©2017 The Smithfield Review Printed in the United States of America by McNaughton & Gunn ii “Smithfield” is an important historic property adjacent to and surrounded by the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. The manor house, constructed around 1774 on the Virginia frontier, is a premier example of early American architecture and is one of few such regional structures of that period to survive. It was the last home of Colonel William Preston, who immigrated to the Virginia Colony from Ireland in 1739. Preston was a noted surveyor and developer of western lands who served as an important colonial and Revolutionary War leader. He named the 1,860-acre plantation “Smithfield” in honor of his wife, Susanna Smith. The Prestons’ commitment to education as well as Preston farmlands were both critical factors in the creation of Preston and Olin Institute and its subsequent conversion into Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (VAMC) in 1872. VAMC has now evolved into a world-class, land-grant university—Virginia Tech. The manor house and outbuildings are now a museum, interpreted and administered by a large group of volunteers. Historic Smithfield© is owned and operated by the Smithfield-Preston Foundation, Inc. The primary goal of the foundation is education about the Preston legacy and life in the region during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This goal is realized using both historic and contemporary venues for programming, educational activities, meetings, arts presentations, music, and commemorations. IIIiii Under the auspices of the foundation, The Smithfield Review was founded in 1997 with the purpose of helping to preserve often neglected history of the region west of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia and adjacent states. The Smithfield Review Editorial Board encourages authors to submit articles for review. Such articles should focus on important people and events; reports of archaeological discoveries; and analyses of the social, political, and architectural history of the region. Whenever possible and appropriate, the articles should incorporate letters, diaries, business papers, speeches, and other primary documents that convey a direct sense of the past to the reader. Inquiries and submissions should be directed to Co-editors Clara B. Cox and Sharon B. Watkins at smithfieldreview@ smithfieldplantation.org. A Message from the Editors Volume 21 begins a new era for The Smithfield Review. After 20 years, Hugh Campbell, founding editor, has relinquished his duties but remains on the editorial board. The board has named two of its members as co-editors: Sharon B. Watkins, a retired history professor, and Clara B. Cox, a retired university publications director. Additionally, Peter Wallenstein, a Virginia Tech history professor who reviewed articles, has stepped aside. Daniel B. Thorp, also a Tech history professor and an associate dean in the College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, has filled the role of history advisor. In another significant change, Volume 21 and future volumes will go online six months after publication, courtesy of Virginia Tech’s University Libraries and library personnel Gail McMillan, director of scholarly communication, and Peter Potter, director of publishing strategy. Plans are also underway to add volumes 1−20 to the website, with the exception of articles by authors who request that their work not be included. The online address for The Smithfield Reviewwill be https://smithfieldreview.org/. This move to the Internet will give the journal an international presence. This volume has no overarching themes, with a range of topics revealing the variety of time, place, and people in our region. In the first article, “New Maritime Records of James Patton,” author Ryan S. Mays examines five previously undiscovered manuscripts about Patton located by the author. This material contributes several maritime exploits, including a daring escape from Cornish pirates, and adds to known existing biographical data of Patton. The next article looks at “Alexander Black and His World, 1857−1935: Part I: 1857–1887.” Author Sharon B. Watkins relates Black’s early life through his Civil War childhood and college years. She also examines the familial and community influences that shaped his life, leading to his significant contributions as an adult, which will form Part II of the biography. The third article, “True Friends of the Confederacy” by John Hildebrand, recounts the unsuccessful peace efforts of several members of the Confederate Congress, including a number of regional politicians. Hildebrand relates the barriers, particularly Confederate President Jefferson Davis, faced by these men who could foresee Southern defeat and wanted to halt the loss of lives in battle. v A Message from the Editors “‘The Nigh and Best Way’: The Early Development of Roads in Montgomery County,” the fourth article, provides an in-depth examination of the development of routes in the county, travelers using those routes, and factors—economic and topographical, for example—that influenced their location. It was co-authored by Jim Page and Sherry Joines Wyatt. The tuberculosis sanatorium in Catawba provides the focal point of the final article. Written by Grace Hemmingson, “Catawba Sanatorium: Its Founding and Early History” covers conditions leading to establishment of the hospital by the Commonwealth of Virginia, its early operations, different medical personnel, and factors affecting its successes—and failures. One Brief Note, “Possible Scottish Baptismal Records of James Patton’s Children” by Ryan S. Mays, looks at birth records from registry books in Dumfries, Scotland, likely to be those of Patton’s children. The editors thank these authors and extend appreciation to Barbara Corbett, graphic designer, and to the anonymous reviewers who provided feedback on the articles. Co-editors: Clara B. Cox and Sharon B. Watkins The Smithfield Review Editorial Board: Hugh G. Campbell Charles L. Taylor David W. McKissack Daniel B. Thorp, History Advisor The Smithfield Review Management Board: April Danner Judy Foster Marge Davis Candi Kelly Julie Earthman vi A Tribute to Hugh Campbell One fine day, about 1996, Hugh Campbell suggested that we talk. He had in mind a journal that would highlight the Scotch-Irish and German history of Southwest Virginia. Why don’t you join Lon Savage and Charlie Modlin, he asked, in helping me edit such an endeavor? Well, hey Hugh, you are a good friend and I love history and I like living in Southwest Virginia, but that’s a heck of a lot of work. I do have classes to teach and research to do. Hugh was not in the least impressed. He may be mild and mannerly and very well educated, but the concept of “no” apparently has never been among his facilities. Over the years, I have been glad that it isn’t. All of us have thoroughly enjoyed our interactions with Hugh. It’s wonderful working with him. We make the suggestions and he does the work. He has a way of putting no pressure on us, and yet we feel compelled to get on with the reviews and the editing. vii For some time, members of the Smithfield branch of what was then known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities had talked of the need for a journal devoted to our local region. It should provide an interesting and enlightening presentation of the history of the area west of the Blue Ridge in Virginia and adjacent states. What the conversation needed was Hugh. He gave shape to the ideas and went into action. He set about to find competent and interesting authors. He pursued contributions relevant to the journal’s purposes. He sought a variety of foci. He edited material to make submissions fit requirements of content, grammar, syntax, spelling, expression, and sheer logical connection. He engaged a wide variety of writers who could help him produce a coherent and well-composed set of interesting articles and research notes. For 20 years now, the Review has contained the stories of both important personages and people of no particular fame. They have focused upon significant events and everyday activities. Authors have reported upon archaeological discoveries, old letters, speeches, and other documents. Topics have included social, political, economic, artistic, and architectural matters. Maps and pictures have enlivened many presentations. The vision was Hugh’s. He brought others along, but the ideas and the brunt of the work have been his. Truly, he put his heart and soul into The Smithfield Review over the past two decades, and it will stand as a monument to him. We thank him for letting us ride along. Hugh will continue to serve as a member of the editorial board, but he has chosen to leave the Review in the hands of two co-editors, Clara B. Cox and Sharon B. Watkins, who will continue—and perhaps expand—Hugh’s vision. Charles L. Taylor Charter Member The Smithfield Review Editorial Board viii New Maritime Records of James Patton Ryan S.