Technical Support Document: Multifuel energy stations for cars, buses and trucks Interreg Baltic Sea Region Project #R032 Technical Support Document Multifuel energy stations for cars, buses and trucks Interreg Baltic Sea Region Project #R032 “Sustainable and Multimodal Transport Actions in the Scandinavian-Adriatic Corridor” Work Package WP2 Clean Fuel Deployment Activity A2.2 Technical support Document Responsible Partner RISE and Skåne Association of Local Authorities Author Erik Wiberg, Peter Bremer Version RC 10 Date 31.10.18 Status Final Version 9, 2018-05-03 » 1 | 64 Technical Support Document: Multifuel energy stations for cars, buses and trucks Interreg Baltic Sea Region Project #R032 Index 1 Index of tables .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2 List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 5 3 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Key findings ................................................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 Technical and economical perspectives ..................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Safety perspective ....................................................................................................................................... 9 3.3 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................... 10 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 12 4.1 Aim of the study ........................................................................................................................................ 12 4.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 13 4.3 Definition of Multifuel energy station ......................................................................................................... 14 4.3.1 Sweden ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 4.3.2 Denmark .................................................................................................................................................... 15 4.3.3 Norway ...................................................................................................................................................... 15 4.3.4 Germany.................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.3.5 Finland ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 5 Concepts for multifuel energy stations ....................................................................................................... 17 5.1 Car/light duty truck multifuel energy station .............................................................................................. 17 5.1.1 Technical considerations ........................................................................................................................... 17 5.1.2 Safety considerations ................................................................................................................................ 17 5.1.3 Financing ................................................................................................................................................... 18 5.2 Heavy duty truck multifuel energy station ................................................................................................. 19 5.2.1 Technical considerations ........................................................................................................................... 20 5.2.2 Safety considerations ................................................................................................................................ 20 5.2.3 Financing ................................................................................................................................................... 20 5.2.4 Bus multifuel energy station ...................................................................................................................... 20 5.2.5 Technical considerations ........................................................................................................................... 21 5.2.6 Safety considerations ................................................................................................................................ 21 5.2.7 Financing ................................................................................................................................................... 21 5.3 Obstacles and remedies ........................................................................................................................... 22 6 Synergies in combining fuels ...................................................................................................................... 23 6.1 Combining fast charging with hydrogen production .................................................................................. 23 6.2 Reforming CNG to CH2 ............................................................................................................................ 23 6.3 Hythane ..................................................................................................................................................... 24 6.4 Methanation of hydrogen .......................................................................................................................... 24 6.5 Maintenance and inspection synergies ..................................................................................................... 24 6.6 Additional services .................................................................................................................................... 24 7 Safety for multifuel energy stations ............................................................................................................ 25 Version 9, 2018-05-03 » 2 | 64 Technical Support Document: Multifuel energy stations for cars, buses and trucks Interreg Baltic Sea Region Project #R032 7.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 25 7.2 Explosion risks .......................................................................................................................................... 26 7.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 26 7.2.2 Properties for fuels related to explosion risks ........................................................................................... 27 7.2.3 Ignition sources and general principles to avoid explosions ..................................................................... 30 7.2.4 Explosion risk considerations related to clean fuels ................................................................................. 32 7.2.5 Concept for a multifuel energy station – Safety aspects to be considered ............................................... 55 7.2.6 Legislation according to EU provisions and standards related to safety .................................................. 59 8 Annexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 63 8.1 References ................................................................................................................................................ 63 8.2 References and complementary information for Table 4 .......................................................................... 64 Version 9, 2018-05-03 » 3 | 64 Technical Support Document: Multifuel energy stations for cars, buses and trucks Interreg Baltic Sea Region Project #R032 1 Index of tables Table 1 - Safety related properties of fuel gas (incl. vapour from liquid fuels) ...................................... 27 Table 2 - Equipment group .................................................................................................................... 28 Table 3 - Temperature class.................................................................................................................. 29 Table 4 - Safety-related data for the properties of some fuels (for the gas phase)............................... 29 Table 5 - European user standards for classification of hazardous areas, installation, inspection, maintenance, repair etc. 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